1. Ms. Carmelitano

2.  In order to conduct a successful study, researchers need to have a plan, people to participate in a study, a method to collect and analyze data.

3.  1) Develop an Aim:  The Aim is the purpose of the study, what will you study  2) Plan a Procedure  The step-by-step process that the researcher will follow to carry out the study  3) The Findings  How the researcher interprets the data that is collected

4.  First you need participants!  People who take place in a study  The Target Population is the specific group the researcher will investigate  IE: Children from single family houses, people who have been abused, twins, etc  It is not possible to test the entire target population, so a sample is needed  A good sample is a representative sample, this means that it represents the overall population

5.  Opportunity Sampling: a sample of whoever happens to be there and agrees to participate  Gathered through advertising, usually universities  Can lead to biased results because hard to generalize to larger population  Self-Selected Sampling: a sample made up of volunteers  However, rarely represent larger general population

6.  Opportunity Sampling: Mall Survey: Want a free gift card?? Stop and take a survey!

7.  Self-Selected: Need help quitting smoking? Come to town hall on Monday June 11 th to be part of a new medication trial that will help you quit!

8. Snowball Sampling: When participants of a study recruit other participants from friends and family  May bias the findings if all participants share a common set of traits  Random Sampling: One in which every member of the target population has an equal chance of being selected  Most desirable because most likely to contain all the characteristics of the population  Findings can be generalized to the larger population  However, some groups may be over represented

9.  Snowball Sampling

10.  Random Sampling

11.  Stratified Sampling: draws random samples from each subpopulation within the target population  Example: If a researcher does a study in a school that has 20% Indian population, then for a sample containing 20 students, 6 chosen for the study would be Indian.

12.  Stratified Sampling

13.  For each of the following scenarios, what sampling technique was used and why?  1. A researcher at the mall asks teenagers who pass her booth to fill out a survey  2. A researcher wants to know what the effect of video games has on a child's behavior in a certain school. They find the percent of African, Caucasian, and Hispanic Americans in a school. They then carefully select participants so that their sample contains the same percentages.

14.  3. A researcher wants to test the effect reading has on students. They go to a specific school, and give each student a number. At random, they pull numbers out of a hat. Those students are tested.  4. A researcher wants to test hypnosis as a way to help people quit smoking. They put an advertisement in a paper, and wait for the phone calls.

15.  5. A researcher wants to conduct a study looking at the long term affects of spousal abuse on women. They go to a support group, and ask for participants. They then ask the women they have selected to recruit other women in the support group to also be apart of the study.

16.  Participants in a study should always be treated in an ethical manner  Psychologists agree on certain ethical standards to not harm human beings  1. Informed Consent – Participants must be informed about the nature of the study  2. Deception: Slight deception may be used if necessary for the study, but at the end of the study full disclosure should be made

17.  3. Debriefing – at the end of the study, the true aim and results should be disclosed to participants.  4. Withdrawal from a study – At the beginning of the study, participants should be told that they have the right to withdraw at any point  5. Confidentiality – All information obtained must be confidential  6. Protection from physical or mental harm – no harm is to be done to participants. You should not humiliate participants or force them to reveal private information

18.  ACTIVITY: Is this ethical?  How could you make it ethical?