1. Unit 6

3.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

4. Critical Question

5. Review

6. Punctuation Marks Symbols that indicate the structure and organization of written language, as well as intonation and pauses to be observed when reading aloud.

7. 1. The period 2. The question Mark 3. Exclamation point 4. Comma 5. Semicolons 6. The Colon 7. The Dash 8. The Hyphen 9. Ellipses 10. Asterisks 11. Quotations 12. Parenthesis 13. Brackets 14. Underlining and Italics 15. Apostrophe The Basic Types of Punctuation

8.  Use your notes to answer the question in one sentence. Summary –  What are punctuation marks?

9. Grammar Matters ------

10.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

11. Critical Question

12. The period. The period is a straightforward punctuation mark. Everyone knows a period ends a sentence that is a statement, but the period—unlike the other punctuation marks—can do more than just mark the end of a sentence.

13. The period. The period is a straightforward punctuation mark. Everyone knows a period ends a sentence that is a statement, but the period—unlike the other punctuation marks—can do more than just mark the end of a sentence.

14. The period. What else????????. Abbreviation - Any shortened form of a word is an abbreviation.

15. The period. What else????????. Some abbreviations are more commonly used than the actual words.

16. The period. When you have an abbreviation at the end of a sentence, don’t use a second period.

17. More on abbreviations … Acronyms - a special kind of abbreviation. - made from the first letter (or letters) of a string of words but are pronounced as if they were words themselves. Not all abbreviations are acronyms.

18. What else????????. Some acronyms have become such accepted words that they are written with lowercase letters, and many people do not know that they are acronyms.

19. No Strict Rules with Acronyms – Only ---Be Consistent

20. Initialisms  These too are made from the first letter (or letters) of a string of words, but they don’t make pronounceable words.  FBI  CIA  FYI  PR No Strict Rules with Initialisms – Only ---Be Consistent

21.  Use your notes to answer this question in 3 or more sentences. Summary –  How is the period used in the sentence?

22. Grammar Matters ------

23.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

24. Critical Question

25. The question mark

26. There are trickier scenarios

27.  Sometimes direct questions are tricky because they can look like statements, and the only way to tell your reader otherwise is to add a question mark. There is a big difference in the meaning of the following sentences. Questions Masquerading as Statements The question mark makes it a direct question that shows surprise.

28.  What about those little questions that come at the end of statements? Statements with Tag Questions Bits like did you and isn’t it are called the tag questions, and they turn the whole sentence into a question, so use a question mark at the end.

29.  Do you have a curious nature? Do you wonder about things? When you wonder, your statements may sound like questions, but they are not direct questions, they’re indirect questions, and they don’t take a question mark. Indirect Questions Bits like did you and isn’t it are called the tag questions, and they turn the whole sentence into a question, so use a question mark at the end.

30.  It gets really crazy when you starte to mix direct and indirect questions. There are multiple ways to writes these. Indirect Questions Mixed with Direct Questions Some style guides allow you to capitalize the first word in the direct question even though it comes in the middle of a sentence : Usually a comma after the first clause and a question mark after the direct question. Some use a colon:

31.  Sometimes your sentence looks like a question, but it is merely being polite. If you are writing a polite command, you do not need a question mark. The Polite Question

32.  Use notes to answer Summary –  How is the question mark used in sentences?

33. Grammar Matters ------

34.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

35. Critical Questions

36. The Exclamation Point.  The exclamation point adds emphasis and indicates a strong emotion—surprise, panic, urgency, pain, horror.

37.  Do not overuse  Reduce your credibility  That marks the end of talking about the END of sentences –  Next up The guts of the sentence --- The point

38. Summary –  How is the exclamation point used in a sentence? What are the three punctuation marks that are used to end sentences?

39. Grammar Matters ------

41.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

42. Critical Question

43. The comma—the most versatile (and therefore confusing) punctuation mark in the English language.

44.  The serial comma comes before the final conjunction in a list.  Whether to use a serial comma is a style decision.  Though not always necessary, it is generally good to use it. It helps to avail any confusion..  Aardvark and Squiggly love chocolate, hiking, and fishing. The Serial Comma  Aardvark and Squiggly love chocolate, hiking and fishing.

45.  Squiggly was proud of his new muffin recipes: blueberry, peanut butter and chocolate chip and coconut. The Serial Comma  Squiggly was proud of his new muffin recipes: blueberry, peanut butter, and chocolate chip and coconut.  Squiggly was proud of his new muffin recipes: blueberry, peanut butter and chocolate chip, and coconut.

46.  Using commas with multiple adjectives is another challenge; fortunately, the rules are straightforward. 1. Can you put the word and between the adjectives and have the sentence still make sense? Adjectives and Commas 2. Can you reverse the order of the adjectives and have the sentence still make sense?

47.  Aardvark is a hairy and small mamma.  Aardvark is a small and hairy mammal.  Aardvark is a small, hairy mammal. Adjectives and Commas  Squiggly found four green Easter eggs.  Squiggly found green four Easter eggs.  Squiggly found Easter green four eggs.  Squiggly found green Easter four eggs.

48.  Using commas with multiple adjectives is another challenge; fortunately, the rules are straightforward. 1. Can you put the word and between the adjectives and have the sentence still make sense? Adjectives and Commas 2. Can you reverse the order of the adjectives and have the sentence still make sense?

49.  Sometimes you will use adjectives that look like adverbs. That’s a challenge. If the word is and adjective, you will use a comma. Aardvark took a long daily run. The “ly” Adjective Challenge Aardvark trains hard daily. Aardvark trains daily hard.

50. The “ly” Adjective Challenge Squiggly is a friendly yellow beast. Aardvark is a fiercely loyal friend. Aardvark is a loyal fiercely friend. Aardvark is a fiercely and loyal friend.

51.  Please answer this question in your summary box. Summary –  What are commas, and how are they used in sentences?

52.  One of the most common places to use commas is where two main clauses (independent clauses) are connected by a coordinating conjunction. You usually need a comma before the conjunction. Squiggly ran to the forest and Aardvark chased the squirrels. Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions Squiggly ran to the forest but Aardvark chased the squirrels. Squiggly ran to the forest and chased the squirrels.

53. Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions Squiggly cowered under a rock but felt brave.

54. Commas and Coordinating Conjunctions And I love the holidays. And despite the extra work I love the holidays.

55. Grammar Matters ------

56.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

57. Critical Question

58. Do not use a comma between two independent clauses (sentences) without a conjunction. It is an error called a comma splice, or a comma fault. Never Comma Splice It is easy to see why it is called a comma slice: the comma is used to slice together two complete sentences when that is not the function of a comma. Squiggly ran to the forest, Aardvark chased the squirrels.  (where is the coordinating conjunction? Ahhggg – this is soooo wrong)

59. Run-on sentences are, in some ways, the opposite of comma splices. Instead of using the wrong punctuation, they occur when you don’t use any punctuation between sentences. They are just sentences smashed together without any punctuation. Sometimes they are called fused sentences. Run-on Sentences You’re over halfway through this course you should be smarter by now. (Ahhggg – this is a run-on sentence, an EPIC FAIL)

60. Summary –  What is the difference between a comma splice, and run-on sentences?

61. Grammar Matters ------

62.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

63.  How are commas used with subordinating conjunctions and with conditional Sentences? Critical Question

64.  Subordinating conjunctions join subordinate (or dependent) clauses to the main clause.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions

65.  When the dependent clause comes first, use a comma!  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions

66.  When the dependent clause comes last, DO NOT use a comma !  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions

68.  When the two parts of the sentence are in stark contrast, a comma is used. (Commas are often used to mark contrast when they would otherwise be left out.)  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Commas and Subordinating Conjunctions

69.  Conditional sentences have an if clause, such as, If you have any questions, let me know. The action depends on something else. Commas and the Conditional Sentence Like dependent clauses, the rule for the conditional sentence is when the “if clause” is at the beginning of the sentence, you need a comma. When the “if clause” is at the end of the sentence, you don’t need a comma. If you have any questions, let me know means that you will let me know only if you have questions

70. Conditional Clauses If you have any questions let me know. Let me know if you have any questions. Note: Sometimes when is Used instead of if.

71. Summary –  How are commas used with subordinating conjunctions and with conditional Sentences?

72. Grammar Matters ------

73.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

74. Critical Question

75.  Interjections at the beginning of sentences are followed by commas (or exclamation points if you want to be more dramatic, or periods if you want to be more final). Commas with Interjections

76.  In dialogue, use commas when directly addressing someone by name. Depending on how you write the sentence, the comma will be before of after the name. Commas with Direct Address : You Talkin’ to Me?

77.  When writing out a date, separate the day of the month from the year with a comma. Also use a comma after the year. Commas and Dates

78.  Insert a commas when numbers are over 999, such as 1,203. This rule does not apply to dates. Commas and Numbers

79.  Commas are necessary when writing about a city and state. The comma goes after the city and after the state. Commas and Locations

80.  If you use abbreviations e.g. and i.e., use a comma afterward; e.g. and i.e., are both abbreviations for Latin terms. E.G. and I.E.

81.  E.g. means “for example, so use it to introduce an example.” E.G. and I.E.

82.  I.e. means “this is” or “in other words,” so use it to introduce further clarification. E.G. and I.E.

83.  You usually use commas to introduce dialogue with tags such as he said and she asked. Commas and Quotations

84.  Don’t use a comma when the quotation flows as part of the sentence—for example, when you introduce a quotation with words such as that or begins with or starts—thereby making the quotation part of your sentence. Commas and Quotations

85. Summary –  Summarize what you have learned about commas.

86. Grammar Matters ------

88.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

89. Critical Question

90. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

91.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

92.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

93. Grammar Matters ------

94.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

95. Critical Question

96. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

97.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

98.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

99. Grammar Matters ------

100.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

101. Critical Question

102. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

103.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

104.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

105. Grammar Matters ------

106.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

107. Critical Question

108. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

109.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

110.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

111. Grammar Matters ------

113.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

114. Critical Question

115. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

116.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

117.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

118. Grammar Matters ------

119.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

120. Critical Question

121. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

122.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

123.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

124. Grammar Matters ------

125.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

126. Critical Question

127. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

128.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

129.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

130. Grammar Matters ------

131.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

132. Critical Question

133. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

134.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

135.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

136. Grammar Matters ------

138.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

139. Critical Question

140. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

141.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

142.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

143. Grammar Matters ------

144.  Please take out your notes for your studies in Grammar … GRAMMAR

145. Critical Question

146. Linking Verbs With Adjectives and Adverbs.

147.  When you are dealing with sensing verbs, such as taste, smell, look, or feel, you have to take a minute to decide whether you’re describing the noun or the verb.  Consider the different meanings of these two sentences: Remember linking verbs?

148.  Adjectives follow linking verbs.  Adjectives modify nouns.  Adverbs modify action verbs. Summary –  Critical question --- Do action and linking verbs take different modifiers?

149. Grammar Matters ------