1. Data Transmission The basics of media, signals, bits, carries, and modems (Part III)

2. Fundamental Measures Of A Digital Transmission System Propagation delay –Determined by physics –Time required for signal travel across medium Delay = propagation delay + transmission delay + queuing delay + processing delay Throughput –The number of bits per second that can be transmitted –Related to underlying hardware bandwidth

3. Given by Nyquist’s theorem where –D is maximum data rate –B is hardware bandwidth –K is number of values used to encode data Relationship Between Digital Throughput And Bandwidth

4. Application Of Nyquist’s Theorem For RS-232 –K is 2 because RS-232 only uses two values, +15 or -15 volts, to encode data bits –D is For phase-shift encoding –Suppose K is 8 (possible shifts) –D is A signal can be periodic or aperiodic

5. Noises Noise: interference by any other (undesired) signals Presence of noise can corrupt one or more bits One example of noise -- “white noise”, can not be removed Transmission impairments on digital transmission can lead to errors

6. Shannon’s Theorem Nyquist’s theorem –assumes a noise-free system –only works in theory Shannon’s theorem corrects for noise

7. Shannon’s Theorem (cont’d) Gives capacity in presence of noise where –C is the effective channel capacity in bits per second –B is hardware bandwidth –S is the average power (signal) –N is the noise S/N is signal-to-noise ratio: an indicator of the signal’s quality

8. Application Of Shannon’s Theorem Conventional telephone system –Engineered for voice –Bandwidth is 3000 Hz –signal-to-noise ratio is approximately 1000 –Effective capacity is Conclusion: dialup modems have little hope of exceeding 30kbps

9. The Bottom Line Nyquist’s theorem means finding a way to encode more bits per cycle improves the data rate Shannon’s theorem means that no amount of clever engineering can overcome the fundamental physics limits of a real transmission system

10. Multiplexing Fundamental to networking Allow multiple channels/users share link capacity Multiplexing prevents interference Each destination receives only data sent by corresponding source

11. Multiplexing Terminology Multiplexor –device or mechanism –accepts data from multiple sources –sends data across shared channel Demultiplexor –device or mechanism –extract data from shared channel –sends to correct destination

12. Types Of Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) –Only one item at a time on shared channel –Item marked to identify source –Each channel allowed to be carried during preassigned timeslots only –Examples: SONET/SDH, N-ISDN –Pros: fair, simple to implement –Cons: inefficient (i.e., empty slots when user has no data)

13. Types Of Multiplexing (cont’d) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) –Multiple items transmitted simultaneously –Each channel is allocated a particular portion of the bandwidth (called bands). –Example: TV, radio –All (modulated) signals are carried simultaneously (as a composite analog signal)

14. Types Of Multiplexing (cont’d) Statistical Tine Division Multiplexing (STDM) –Each timeslot is allocated on a demand basis (dynamically). –Example: ATM –Pros: improved performance –Cons: requires buffering when aggregate input load exceeds link capacity

15. Transmission Schemes Baseband transmission –Uses only low frequencies –Encode data directly Broadband transmission –Uses multiple carries –Can use higher frequencies –Achieves higher throughput –Hardware more complex and expensive

16. Scientific Principle Behind FDM Two or more signals that use different carrier frequencies can be transmitted over a single medium simultaneously without interference Note: this is the same principle that allows a cable TV company to send multiple television signals across a single cable

17. Wave Division Multiplexing Facts –FDM can be used with any electromagnetic radiation –Light is electromagnetic radiation When applied to light, FDM is called wave division multiplexing

18. Summary Various transmission schemes and media available –Electrical current over copper –Light over glass –Electromagnetic waves Digital encoding used for data Asynchronous communication –Used for keyboards and serial ports –RS-232 is standard –Sender and receiver agree on baud rate

19. Summary (cont’d) Modems –Used for long-distance communication –Available for copper, optical fiber, dialup –Transmit modulated carrier Phase-shift modulation popular –Classified of digital communication system Two measures of digital communication system –Delay –Throughput

20. Summary (cont’d) Nyquist’s theorem –Relates throughput to bandwidth –Encourages engineers to use complex encoding Shannon’s theorem –Adjust for noise –Specifies limits on real transmission systems

21. Summary (cont’d) Multiplexing –Fundamental concept –Used at many levels –Applied in both hardware and software –Three basic types Time-division multiplexing (TDM) Frequency-division multiplexing (FDM) Statistical time-division multiplexing (STDM) When applied to light, FDM is called wave- division multiplexing

22. Reading Materials Chapter 5: Sections 5.8-5.11 Chapter 6: Sections 6.6-6.11