1. Exploitation by Introduced Species

2. 28 29 Brown Tree Snake (Boiga irregularis) Introduced to Guam (mid-1940s) 31

3. Myiagra freycineti (Guam flycatcher) Gallicolumba xanthonura White-throated ground-dove 28 29 Zosterops conspicillatus ** Bridled white-eye Acrocephalus luscinia Nightingale reed-warbler Rhipidura rufifrons * Rufous fantail Ptilinopus roseicapilla Mariana fruit-dove Myzomela cardinalis Cardinal honeyeater Halcyon cinnamomina ** Micronesian kingfisher Nine of Eleven Native Forest Birds in Guam EXTIRPATED/EXTINCT 30

4. 7 8 Salt Cedar (Tamarix spp.) 32 Introduced to United States in 1800s via a nursery in Philadelphia. Used for windbreak, Stream stabilization, ornamental plantings, etc. (Di Tomasso 1998) 32

5. Salt Cedar Control 34

7. SUCCESS OF SPECIES INTRODUCED OUTSIDE OF NATURAL GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION No Coevolved Interspecific Competitors No Coevolved Herbivores No Coevolved Parasites No Coevolved Pathogens

8. Exploitation and Temporal Dynamics 13 15 14

9. Population Dynamics

10. 22 BOREAL FOREST

11. 16

12. Lynx – Snowshoe Hare Fig. 14.14 in Molles 2006

13. Sunspot Hypothesis (Elton 1924) Overpopulation Hypotheses (Density Dependent Effects on Hare) What Controls Snowshoe Hare Population Fluctuations Predator Hypothesis (Various) Overpopulation Hypotheses (Density Dependent Effects on Plants)

14. 16 http://taggart.glg.msu.edu/bs110/lynx1.gif Predator Hypotheses (Various)

15. TEASING OUT THE INDIVIDUAL EFFECTS: CONTROLLED EXPERIMENT 27 Test for Effects of Predators, Plant Food Availability, Quality

16. Controls Supplemental Food Fertilizer Supplemental Food / Electric Fence Electrical Fence Krebs et al. 1995 8 YEAR STUDY

17. Fig. 14.15 in Molles 2006

18. N = f (b, d, i, e)

19. Fig. 14.14 in Molles 2006 Underlying Processes Predator – Prey Dynamics

20. dN h /dt = r h N h – pN h Np Modeling Population Change: Host (= Prey)

21. dN p /dt = c p N h N p -d p N p Modeling Population Change: Predator

22. Fig. 14.17 in Molles 2006

24. 2 Predator – Prey Oscillation in the Laboratory?

25. 5 Paramecium 6 Yeast Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab Gause (1935)

26. Predator – Prey Ocillations: Gause 1935

27. Bean Weevil 4 5 Parasitoid Wasp Predator – Prey Ocillatiions: Gause 1935 Utida 1957

28. Fig. 14.18 in Molles 2006

29. 7 Gause 1935 PREY PERSISTENCE? Paramecium Didinium

30. Predator – Prey Relationships in the Lab Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006

31. 8 Add a Refuge

32. Prey Predator Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006

33. 8 Add a Refuge, Restock Predators

34. Fig. 14.19 in Molles 2006 Prey Predator

35. 10 Predatory Mite Can Crawl Prey Mite Feeds on Oranges Can Crawl or “Balloon” via Silk Strand

36. Multiple Habitats, “Natural” Dispersal Huffaker (1958)

37. Fig. 14.20 in Molles 2006 Huffaker (1958)

38. 9

39. 2 http://perso.orange.fr/argaud/botanique/opuntia_stricta_fruit.jpg 3 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/COMMON1.JPG 4 http://www.northwestweeds.nsw.gov.au/images/Cochineal%20on% 20common%20pear%201%20Jun%2003%20Bingara%20web.jpg 5 http://www.gri.msstate.edu/research/cmdmn/images/cactoblastis.jpg 6 http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=6545&rendTypeId=4 7 http://www.depts.ttu.edu/communications/news/stories/images/ saltcedar-mountains-large.jpg 8 http://www.co.morton.nd.us/vertical/Sites/%7B90CBB59C-38EA- 4D41-861A-81C9DEBD6022%7D/uploads/%7BC2C6F596-EB0D- 427F-852E-5840C1E97721%7D.JPG 9 http://www.invasive.org/eastern/images/768x512/0002030.jpg

40. 10 http://www.cwss-scm.ca/Weeds/images/Ly1-purple-loosestrife.JPG 11 http://www.ec.gc.ca/EnviroZine/images/Issue35/zebra_mussels _DFO2_l.jpg 12 http://www.starfish.govt.nz/shared-graphics-for-download/zebra-mussel-large.jpg 14 http://www.birdfinders.co.uk/images/lesser-kestrel-2-spain-2006.jpg 15 http://www.douglloydphotography.com/mediac/400_0/media/DIR_ 9698/short~eared~owl~607.jpg 13 http://www.naturephoto-cz.com/photos/andera/common-vole-15371.jpg 16 http://www.lakesuperiorstore.com/store/images/books/warner/HBC.jpg 18 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 17 http://www3.nationalgeographic.com/animals/images/primary/ snowshoe-hare.jpg 19 http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~afrank/Theory/eit027.jpg

41. 20 http://www.volunteertaskforce.org/images/aspen_seedlings.jpg 21 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/European%20Lynx-0001.jpg 22 http://www.toothandclaw.org.uk/upload/files/Goshawk0003.jpg 23 http://www.alangrinberg.com/photos/NewZealand/SouthPage02/3708_ Tannin.jpg 24 http://library.thinkquest.org/11922/habitats/boreal_forest2_c-NOVA.jpg 25 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 26 http://www.tpwd.state.tx.us/huntwild/wild/species/coyote/ 27 http://www.wildlandsleague.org/imgup/forest.aerial.jpg 28 http://www.physorg.com/newman/gfx/news/hires/browntreesna.jpg 29 http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_3yf8gXwg-1g/SbArAtu9bBI/AAAAAAAAASw/ 8xRFAuwO1RY/s400/Brown-tree-snake-(3).jpg

42. 29 http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/53/11953-004-2CF4FCD9.jpg 31 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 30 http://www.fort.usgs.gov/resources/education/bts/impacts/birds.asp 32 http://www.earlham.edu/~biol/desert/invasive.htm 33 http://www.chihuahuandesert.org/images/Salt%20Cedar%20Leaf%20Beetle.jpg