1. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States 1. Why did most states choose a bicameral legislature? Most states chose bicameral legislatures in order to balance the power of the common people with that of the wealthy well-educated class. 2. What was the structure of the new government under the Articles of Confederation? The government under the Articles of Confederation had a Congress whose delegates were chosen by state legislatures, with no President or executive branch. 3. What were the plans for settling and governing the Northwest Territory under the Articles of Confederation? The Land Ordinance of 1785 outlines a system for distributing public lands, and the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 provided a government for the lands. 4. What Spanish and British actions showed that they did not take the new American nation seriously? The Spanish closed New Orleans to American trade, and the British stopped direct American trade with the West Indies and kept forts inside American territory. 5. What events suggested that a stronger national government was necessary? Congress was unable to raise the money it need to pay the country’s war debts, and an amendment to allow a federal duty on imports failed to pass; British policies on US trade weakened the US economy, which caused farmers to revolt in an effort to save their properties from foreclosures. Shays’s Rebellion was the final straw. A Confederation of States

2. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress encouraged the former colonies to create state constitutions. Patriots disagreed over the design of these republics, especially over how much power to give the common people. Although state constitutions varied, each provided for a republic where people voted for their representatives.

3. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States weak state governments with most of their power in a popularly elected legislature. unicameral or one house legislature with either a weak governor or none at all. a large House of Representatives with small districts so that the people had more control. Democratic Patriots like Thomas Paine wanted more power for common people. They favored:

4. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States a governor with broad powers. bicameral legislature, with two houses. an upper house or senate made up of wealthy, well- educated gentlemen who would balance a lower house elected by the common people. Conservative Patriots like John Adams feared giving power to the common people. They favored:

5. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Democratic states like Pennsylvania allowed all male taxpayers over age 21 to vote. Conservative states preserved colonial requirements of property ownership for voting. None gave the vote to women or to slaves. In time, most grew more democratic with the lower house gaining more power. There was also debate over who should vote.

6. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Most new state constitutions guaranteed freedom of religion. Previously, colonies collected taxes for religious institutions. Now, religious freedom and pluralism became the norm. The Virginia Statute of Religious Freedom set the example. It allowed for religious liberty free of state influence.

7. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States This first national constitution created a loose confederation or league of states in 1777. Congress drafted the Articles under John Dickinson of Pennsylvania. Congress’s power was limited to prevent the problems experienced under Britain. The Articles of Confederation was created by the Continental Congress.

8. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress implemented and enforced laws. Executive power was shared by committees. Each state had one vote in Congress. Minor issues were passed by a simple majority. Major issues, like declaring war, required 9 states. Amendments to the Articles required the agreement of all 13 states. With the Articles, government power was limited.

9. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Congress had a limited role. There was also no federal court system. Congress could:Congress could not: Declare war or conduct foreign policy. Tax Administer relations with Indian nations. Regulate commerce between states or states and foreign nations

10. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Articles created a method to settle and govern the Northwest Territory.

11. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Surveyors divided the territory into a N-S and E-W grid to establish hundreds of townships. Each township was subdivided into one square mile (640 acre) squares to sell at $1 each. Many farmers couldn’t afford the $1 an acre, and some land speculators got special deals. The Land Ordinance of 1785 established a method to distribute public land.

12. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Land Ordinance of 1785 grid system is still evident today.

13. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Northwest Ordinance of 1787 set up a system to govern territories and create states. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. Congress established a territorial government and appointed a governor. Settlers were guaranteed freedom of religion, trial by jury, and rights of common law. Once there were 5,000 men, an assembly could be elected. The appointed governor retained veto power. Once there were 60,000 residents, a territory could apply for statehood. It abandoned the British model of keeping colonies permanently subordinate.

14. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States The Northwest Ordinance: barred slavery. required a republican constitution. promised settlers basic freedoms. ignored the rights of Native Americans. resulted in five new states: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota.

15. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Spain threatened to forbid the shipment of goods through New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory. European nations did not take the new nation seriously. Spain forbade American trade with New Orleans. Britain denied American ships access to the British West Indies and the right to export goods to Britain on American ships. Britain kept soldiers in frontier forts located in the Northwest Territory.

16. Chapter 25 Section 1 The Cold War Begins Section 1 A Confederation of States Growing problems led to calls for a revision of the Articles of Confederation. The nation’s debt was mounting. The economic depression was deepening as debts, bankruptcies, and foreclosures grew. Shays’ Rebellion demonstrated the Federal government’s weakness. Foreign nations did not respect the United States.