1. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-1 Overview of Land Preservation Tools Ted Feitshans Department of Agricultural & Resource Economics North Carolina State University ARE 309

2. Ted Feitshans023-2 Types of Land Farm land Forest land Open space Historic

3. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-3 Right-to-Farm Laws Prelitigation mediation (N.C.G.S. § 7A- 38.3) –Mandatory N.C. Right-to-Farm Law (N.C.G.S. § 106-701) –Reverses coming to the nuisance rule

4. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-4 Right-to-Farm Laws Exceptions to N.C. law –Pollution or change in condition of a stream –Overflow of lands –Negligent or improper operations –Farms within city limits on enactment date –New operations Constitutionality

5. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-5 Use value taxation Assessed at current use Agricultural, horticultural & forestlands Three year recapture Qualify for 4 previous years Application required –January 31 or 30 days from date of notice of change –New application only at transfer

6. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-6 Use value taxation Agricultural lands –10 or more acres May include wasteland and woodland Multiple tracts w/ one of 10 acres –$1,000 gross income for 3 years –Individually owned –Sound management

7. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-7 Use value taxation Forestland –20 acres or more May include wasteland Multiple tracts w/ one of 20 acres –Individually owned –Sound management Written sound forest management plan w/ application Implement plan

8. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-8 Use value taxation Horticultural lands –5 or more acres May include wasteland and woodland Multiple tracts w/ one of 5 acres –$1,000 gross income for 3 years –Individually owned –Sound management

9. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-9 Voluntary Agricultural Districts under N.C.G.S. §106-738 County ordinance Enacted by Board of Commissioners

10. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-10 Ag districts: Elements of an Ordinance Minimum contiguous acres of qualifying farmland or minimum number of qualifying farms Formation upon execution of agreement(s) to sustain agriculture Form of agreement approved by agricultural advisory board (or alternative board or official) Each district must have a representative on the ag. advisory board

11. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-11 Qualifying farmland/farms Participating in farm present-use-value program (or otherwise determined by the county) 2/3 of land high quality (NRCS) Highly erodible land standards met (NRCS) Subject to a conservation agreement

12. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-12 Conservation agreement Non-farm construction, except for three lots prohibited Dumping soil or other materials as landfill prohibited Removal of trees and other vegetation limited Mining prohibited Other activities detrimental to conservation

13. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-13 Conservation agreement Permitted uses –Agriculture –Forestry –Outdoor recreation 10 year duration Revocable

14. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-14 Agricultural Advisory Board Review and recommend Hold public hearings on proposed condemnations Advise Commissioners on agriculture Countywide farmland protection plans Perform other tasks as assigned

15. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-15 Ag District Benefits Limitations on condemnation Record notice of proximity to farmlands Waiver of water and sewer assessments (optional) Affect on nuisance actions

16. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-16 Purchase of agricultural easements authorized Voluntary acquisitions Not more than three lots Perpetual agreements –20 year repurchase option (may be longer) Commercial agriculture no longer practicable

17. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-17 NC Farmland Preservation Trust Fund Amended by H.B. 1132 (S.L. 00-0171) –Effective date: July 1, 2000

18. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-18 Trust Fund Amendments Eligible entities –Nonprofit conservation organizations 30% match –Enterprise tier 4 & 5 counties w/ countywide farmland protection plans 15% match

19. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-19 Trust Fund Amendments Eligible entities (continued) –Enterprise tier 1, 2 & 3 counties w/ countywide farmland protection plans No match –Counties without countywide farmland protection plans 30% match

20. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-20 Trust Fund Amendments Countywide Farmland Protection Plans –Inventory of agricultural resources –Challenges to family farming –Opportunities –Maintenance tools –Schedule & funding

21. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-21 Conservation Easements Conservation and Historic Preservation Agreements Act –Avoid common law restrictions –Avoid Real Property Marketable Title Act –Complies with requirements of federal tax law

22. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-22 Easements at common law Types –Easement appurtenant dominant tenement/servient tenement Runs with land –Easement in gross No dominant tenement Personal

23. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-23 Creation of easements at common law Express grant in a deed Reservation in a deed By prescription (7 or 20 years) Implied easements Statutory cartway proceeding

24. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-24 Covenants running with the land (common law) Express (restrictive) Implied

25. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-25 Conservation easements created under other law 1996 FAIR Act CREP and wetlands Migratory Bird Hunting Stamp Act Section 404 of the Clean Water Act - mitigation agreements Different tax benefits

26. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-26 Formation: Landowner disclosure obligations Known title defects Existing security interests Marital status CERCLA hazardous waste Underground storage tanks Neighboring land uses - present/planned

27. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-27 Formation: Conservation agency obligations Title search/records review CERCLA –Due care (due diligence) Indicia of ownership PESA (?) Full discussion of plans/objectives/goals Discussion of plans for transferring rights

28. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-28 Preparation and recording of documents Deeds Agreements Supplemental documents

29. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-29 Scope of the easement Physical –Boundaries Restrictions –Negative –Affirmative Access by conservation agency Maintenance by landowner and/or agency

30. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-30 Scope of the easement (continued) Activities outside the easement boundary Changed circumstances –Neighboring property –Agricultural/Forestry technology –Loss of protected feature

31. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-31 Compliance & transfers of rights Who pays for enforcement? –Attorney fees –Monitoring

32. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-32 Compliance & transfers of rights (continued) Actions of third parties –Trespassers –Tenants –Legal actions Eminent domain Non-governmental –Cartway proceeding

33. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-33 Compliance & transfers of rights (continued) Subsequent easement holders Subsequent landowners

34. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-34 Compliance & transfers of rights (continued) Disclosure/education of purchasers Conservation agency cooperation in sales/financing

35. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-35 Dispute resolution mechanisms Arbitration Mediation

36. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-36 Conservation easements: Maintenance of farming and forestry Adequate income opportunities Continuation of normal farming and forestry practices Flexibility for changes in practices Changes in laws

37. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-37 Conservation easements: Taxation Property tax Federal income tax N.C. income tax Federal estate tax

38. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-38 Property Tax Reduces FMV N.C. requires county tax authorities to consider easement

39. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-39 Federal Income Tax Charitable deduction –FMV before easement less FMV after easement May spread over 5 years –avoid limitation on charitable deduction

40. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-40 N.C. Income Tax Charitable deduction –Unaffected by use of conservation tax credit Conservation tax credit

41. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-41 N.C. Conservation Tax Credit Qualifying use –Beach access –Access to public waters –Access to public trails –Fish & wildlife conservation –Other land conservation purposes 25% of FMV –$250,000/$500,000 annual limit

42. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-42 N.C. Conservation Tax Credit (continued) Qualified recipient Fee or conservation easement No reversion Certificate from DENR Five year carry-forward

43. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-43 Federal Estate Tax Charitable deduction (testamentary gifts) 40% reduction in FMV of property subject to conservation easement –Subject to exclusion limitation 2000 - $300,000 2001 - $400,000 2002 - $500,000

44. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-44 Example without Conservation Easement 100 acres @ $180,000/acre = $18,000,000 $1,290,800 tax on first $3,000,000 $8,250,000 tax @ 55% on remainder $400,000 tax @ 5% on amounts above $10,000,000 $9,940,800 - 220,550 (unified credit - $675,000) = $9,720,250 tax due

45. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-45 Example with Conservation Easement $100,000 value with conservation easement $17,900,000 charitable deduction Reduce value of property in estate by 40% Value of land in estate = $60,000 $615,000 of unified credit remains to apply to other property

46. ARE 309Ted Feitshans023-46 N.C. Cooperative Extension Educational Programs Publications –Land Preservation Notebook – http://www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu/faculty/feitshans/land.htm http://www.ag-econ.ncsu.edu/faculty/feitshans/land.htm –Swine Farm Zoning Notebook –http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/waterprimer/SwineFarmZoningN otebook/http://www2.ncsu.edu/unity/lockers/project/waterprimer/SwineFarmZoningN otebook/ –A Compilation of State Statutes and Regulations Relating to Pesticide DriftA Compilation of State Statutes and Regulations Relating to Pesticide Drift N.C. Cooperative Extension Community Planning Assistance Team