1. A Phylogenetic Analysis of the Early Late Ordovician Orthograptinae (Graptolithina) Sue Klosterman Charles Mitchell Dan Goldman

2. Macroevolution Large scale project on evolutionary trends Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component Phylogenetic reconstruction of the Orthograptinae is an essential component Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny Interpretation of trends are dependent on phylogeny

3. DDO Radiation Rapid expansion in the Early Late Ordovician, about 458 million years ago Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships Difficulty in determining evolutionary relationships

4. Character Analysis Commonly preserved on black shales 3-D specimens extracted from limestone matrix

5. Character Examples 56 parsimony- informative discrete characters Thecal Shape Apertural Orientation 10 continuous characters – measurement data 10 continuous characters – measurement data 2TRD Colony Width

6. PAUP Tree Analysis MacClade Branch & Bound Search RC Index Character Weighting 16 Taxa

7. Outgroup Selection Hustedograptus as primitive outgroup

8. Consensus Tree - Discrete characters only 9 MPR – all variations within O. quadrimucronatus group Generally compatible with current systematics H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatus Primitive Rectograptus R. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis

9. Individual Clades Orthograptus Orthograptus is a paraphyletic taxon from which Rectograptus, Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus have been derived

10. Individual Clades Orthograptus calcaratus group is the primitive sister group to the rest of the derived orthograptines Derived orthograptines

11. Individual Clades A – R – G subclades Orthograptus quadrimucronatus group is the sister group to the Amplexograptus, Rectograptus and Geniculograptus subclades

12. Individual Clades Rectograptus is the primitive sister group to the Amplexograptus and Geniculograptus sub- clades

13. Thecal Diversification Thecal diversification from primitive, straight tubes to more complex geniculate thecae for this subclade.

14. Cladogram Support CI =.84 RI =.89 RC =.74 Consistency Indicies – low levels of homoplasy

15. Cladogram Support PTP Test – No permutated cladograms are shorter in length than original cladogram Original Permutated

16. Cladogram Support H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis Bremer Support Indicies 6 2 1 6 1 1 1 4 10 0 0

17. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatusO. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis

18. Consensus Tree - Measurement Data included H. uplandicusH. teretiusculus O. calcaratus incisusO. apiculatus O. pageanusO. spinigerusO. quadrimucronatusPrimitve RectograptusR. amplexicaulisG. pygmaeusG. typicalisA.praetypicalisA. maxwelliA. perexcavatus O. ruedemanni O. eucharis O. ruedemanni becomes sister taxon to A - R - G subclade Relationship of O. quadrimucronatus group is better defined

19. Future Work Start to incorporate the orthograptinae cladogram with DDO fauna and other graptolite groups LasiograptidsDicranograptidsOrthograptids

20. Acknowledgments NSF Grant Ear - 0106844