1. Finding Information in the Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences: Historical Roots September 2008, AOS 900 Jean Phillips Schwerdtfeger Library Space Science and Engineering Center jean.phillips@ssec.wisc.edu

2. Overview Literature review and sources Finding journal articles Searching Subject databases Define research problem Sample search Recap

3. Systematic Literature Review Formulate the research question(s): Select a topic and set criteria (inclusion/exclusion) Search the literature Gather, read, analyze and assess quality of results Search and refine Write and reference

4. Types of Sources Primary sources: a report by the original researchers of a study Secondary sources: description or study by someone other than the original researcher (e.g. a review article) Conceptual/theoretical: papers concerned with analysis of theories associated with the topic Anecdotal/opinion: Views about the subject that are not research, review or theoretical in nature

5. Types of Sources People: experts in the area Journals: current, scholarly work Major books or monographs: good overviews, good treatment of history Dissertations: literature reviews Encyclopedias: general reviews Web based material: overviews Collections of images or objects

6. Finding Journal Articles UW-Madison Libraries have licensed many databases for your use Information cannot be accessed by using Google (most is proprietary) After finding specific articles, search for the journal title in MadCat for location on campus Some databases may have links to full-text via Links to databases from our home pageLinks to databases By subject or name from E-Resource GatewayE-Resource Gateway Remote access: http://www.library.wisc.edu/help/remote/remote- restrict.htmlhttp://www.library.wisc.edu/help/remote/remote- restrict.html

7. Searching Plan your search Remember variant word endings, Boolean connectors and synonyms Limit search terms to specific fields (title, subject heading), within a certain proximity to each other, year ranges To narrow a search: limit by theoretical approach, one aspect of subject, by time, by geographic location To broaden a search: generalize your topic, check more databases, limit jargon, check Web or newspaper databases if topic is too new Note controlled vocabularies Perform search, review results, refine search, search again, refine search, search again, export results

8. Subject Databases Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts (MGA) Oceanic Abstracts NTIS Web of Science

9. Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts Updated quarterly, 1960 – MGA covers meteorology, climatology, oceanography, remote sensing, atmospheric chemistry, hydrology, etc. Indexes journal articles, conference proceedings, books, technical reports Includes abstract for most entries Includes links to full-text for AMS journals and other journals if the campus has a license Pre-1960 literature can be found using print equivalent

10. Oceanic Abstracts Updated monthly, 1984 – Premier database for marine resources Covers biology, ecology, marine geology, geophysics, geochemistry, oceanography, marine pollution, environmental protection Includes links to full-text where available Same interface as MGA, NTIS and Oceanic Abstracts

11. NTIS Bibliographic Index Updated quarterly, 1964 – Contains descriptions of U.S. government sponsored sci/tech research from DOD, DOE, EPA, NASA, NOAA… Covers astronomy, atmospheric science, biotechnology, computers, energy, engineering, etc. Included are: reports on contracts/grants, technical memoranda, technical reports, dissertations, etc. Pre-1964, consult Government Reports and Announcements Index in print Same interface as MGA

12. Characteristics of Government Documents What are they? Conference literature, government reports, internal reports, reports on contracts, etc. Why are they important? Cited in literature and historically have provided a rapid means of scientific communication. Who publishes them? Agencies, governmental bodies, professional societies, federal contractors, etc. What characteristics do they have? Alpha-numeric report numbers, accession numbers, grant or contract numbers, sponsoring agency, no commercial publisher, distributed through facility like NTIS. Where can I find them? 1)Libraries: Campus libraries have most reports distributed 2)NTIS, DTIS, NASA, STI 3)Author 4)Issuing agency

13. Web of Science Updated weekly, 1970 – Combination of three databases Indexes peer-reviewed journal literature only – does not include reports, conference proceedings, dissertations… Known for its currency and meticulous indexing Used to do general, cited reference or author searching Journal Citation Reports is companion database: http://admin- apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?PointOfEntry=Home&S ID=1CFDc@@jGl97inFB8fM http://admin- apps.isiknowledge.com/JCR/JCR?PointOfEntry=Home&S ID=1CFDc@@jGl97inFB8fM

14. Define Research Problem How can I trace the historical roots of ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation). Who published the first critical papers? How has the theory developed? Synonyms: ENSO, El Nino Southern Oscillation, history, bibliography, tropical ocean circulation, phenomena, theory, reviews

15. Search MadCat

17. Online Resource

18. What is El Niño?

19. Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/index.shtml El Niño Theme Page http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/index.shtml First observations of El Niño Correlates with other readings

20. Check Selected References: TAO Refereed Journal Articles

21. TAO Refereed Publications >1986

22. Return to MadCat Search: ENSO Bibliography, #6 for papers before 1986

23. Compare information from sources 1891: Dr. Luis Carranza, Lima Geographical Society, contributed a small article to its Bulletin, noting a countercurrent flowing from north to south along points on the coast of Peru – first recorded observations. Named El Niño 1923: Sir Gilbert Walker names the Southern Oscillation by recognizing that changes across the tropical Pacific were not isolated phenomena but connected as part of a larger oscillation 1969: Jacob Bjerknes, UCLA, first real description of El Niño/Southern Oscillation in terms of physical mechanisms 1970s-1980s: S.G.H Philander and K. Wyrtki continue to expand the concept 1990s

24. Open Web of Science Select Files

25. Carranza Paper: Georef (0) MGA in print (0) Web of Science (cited by)

26. Boletín de la Sociedad Geográfica de Lima

27. Citing articles: Look backward in time

28. Walker Paper: Web of Science

29. Walker, 1923 and Walker, 1932 Check MadCat for locations Check References

30. Bjerknes, 1969, MWR

32. Review article

33. or MadCat for Full-Text

34. Other Web of Science features Cited by Related Records: articles sharing same references References

35. Who is Bjerknes citing?

36. Philander Publications Web of Science Read, Review, Check References

37. Use Find It to access full-text

39. Repeat for Wyrtki Review references from other papers and from the bibliographies in hand Check Web of Science for other papers and cited references

40. Review Are all of your sources pointing to the same articles, giving the same view of the history of El Niño?

41. Current literature: Who is publishing on ENSO? Check Tropical Atmosphere Ocean Project http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/pubs/taopubsr.shtml http://www.pmel.noaa.gov/tao/proj_over/pubs/taopubsr.shtml Search Web of Science by topic and author Search Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts Search Oceanic Abstracts

42. Open MGA and Oceanic Abstracts Begin with KW search

43. Refine Search

44. Review Descriptors/Subject Terms/Abstracts for terms to help narrow or expand the search Refine Search

45. Use to link to full text

46. Saving Records Save, Print, E-mail records Export to bibliographic management tool like RefWorks or EndNote Make sure you have complete references Take and keep notes

47. Citation Managers RefWorks: http://www.refworks.comhttp://www.refworks.com EndNote: https://www.myendnoteweb.com/EndNoteWeb/2.3/release /EndNoteWeb.html https://www.myendnoteweb.com/EndNoteWeb/2.3/release /EndNoteWeb.html Tutorial: http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/library/teaching/refworks_spring 2005.htm http://www.ssec.wisc.edu/library/teaching/refworks_spring 2005.htm Overview: http://library.wisc.edu/citation-managers/http://library.wisc.edu/citation-managers/

48. Author Index in MGA

49. Select name and variants

50. Review Review and compile results Modify searches Find articles Have you gone back as far as you can go? Have you covered the current literature?

51. Other Avenues of Inquiry Weathering the Weather: The Origins of Atmospheric Science http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/weather/fulltext.html http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/weather/fulltext.html Is there a cross over between your topic and law, art, social sciences, environmental sciences, agriculture? Newspapers, current and historical Military periodicals and government documents National Archives and Records Administration Antarctic and Cold Regions Bibliography History of Science Databases WorldCat for holdings of other major science libraries

52. Finding Dissertations MadCat for UW-Madison dissertationsMadCat Current Research @ UW-Madison http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/wisc/main http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/wisc/main Proquest Digital Dissertations, 1861- http://proquest.umi.com/login http://proquest.umi.com/login Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETD) http://www.ndltd.org/ http://www.ndltd.org/ Index to Theses…Great Britain and Ireland http://www.theses.com/ http://www.theses.com/ CRL Foreign Doctoral Dissertations Database http://www.crl.edu/content.asp?l1=5&l2=23&l3=44&l4=25 http://www.crl.edu/content.asp?l1=5&l2=23&l3=44&l4=25

53. Citation Guides American Meteorological Society http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/refstyl.html http://www.ametsoc.org/pubs/refstyl.html American Institute of Physics http://www.aip.org/pubservs/style/4thed/toc.html http://www.aip.org/pubservs/style/4thed/toc.html American Geophysical Union http://www.agu.org/pubs/inf4aus.htmlhttp://www.agu.org/pubs/inf4aus.html Internet Citation Guides (UW-Madison) http://memorial.library.wisc.edu/citing.htm http://memorial.library.wisc.edu/citing.htm Citing References in Your Paper (Writing Center, UW-Madison) http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/Documentation.html http://www.wisc.edu/writing/Handbook/Documentation.html

54. Recap Determine search criteria and keep a notebook detailing what you’ve done and where you’ve looked Select database(s) to be searched: MGA, NTIS, Oceanic Abstracts, Web of Science Set up alerts in databases Check MadCat for availability and location Schwerdtfeger Library: http://library.ssec.wisc.eduhttp://library.ssec.wisc.edu Finding Information (Powerpoint): http://library.ssec.wisc.edu/resources/ http://library.ssec.wisc.edu/resources/ Resources in the Atmospheric Sciences http://library.ssec.wisc.edu/resources/eresources/ http://library.ssec.wisc.edu/resources/eresources/ Questions: Ask a librarian