1. Historical/Cultural/Philosophical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science

2. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Introduction
Science of Human Movement
Interdisciplinary Science
Multiple Applications

3. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Emergence of a Scientific Discipline
Scientific discipline has central focus
Merging disciplines create new ones
More advances with combined research
Common interests are sometimes the cause

4. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Exercise Science and Related Discipline
Multiple parent disciplines including:
Physics
Chemistry
Physiology/Anatomy
Medicine

5. Creation and growth of a new “discipline” or an “interdisciplinary” area of study occurs as a result of the interaction of previous work and the growth of related disciplines – this interaction can be noted from a historical perspective

6. Historical Aspects of Exercise and Sports Science
Early writings – Concentration on anatomical and medical aspects – some sports aspects
Herodicus –late 400’s BC
Hippocrates – BC
Galen – AD
Middle Ages/Renaissance – Strong Anatomical and Medical Aspects – beginnings of “Biomechanics”
Leonardo Da Vinci ( )
Andreas Vesalius ( )
Giovanni Alfonso Borelli ( )

7. History Con’t
18th and 19th Century – Emergence of Physics, Chemistry and Physiology as “Disiplines”
Joseph Preistly ( ) – oxygen
Cal Willhelm Scheele ( ) – oxygen
Joseph Black ( ) – carbon dioxide
Antoine Lavoisier ( ) – metabolism
William Prout ( ) – beginnings of exercise metabolism
Edward Hitchcock ( ) – structure and function
Edward Hitchcock Jr. M.D.( ) – described use of “physical education” for health
Claude Bernard ( ) – Father of Physiology

8. History Con’t
20th Century: growth of “Exercise Science”
George Wells ( )– Harvard – Scientific basis for Physical Education
Bruce Dill ( ) – Director of Harvard Fatigue Lab ( )
Archibald V. Hill ( ) – muscle contraction mechanics, energy consumption –”Oxygen Uptake”
Thomas K. Cureton ( ) -
Physical Fitness for Health
David C. Costill – glycogen replacement swimming physiology
Jack H. Wilmore – Physical Fitness and Health

9. History Con’t
Current
Robert B. Armstrong- Texas A&M – muscle physiology
Michael Joiner – Mayo Clinic – blood flow
Larry Durstine – U. South Carolina – exercise and blood lipids
Travis N. Triplett – Appalachian State – resistance training and osteoporosis/women

10. Current Sports Scientist in the USA
Randy Wilber – USOC – triathlon, road cycling
Jay T. Kearney- Carmichael Training Systems sports science- canoe/kayak and road cycling
William A. Sands- USOC – gymnastics “explosive strength” -
Brian Schilling – Memphis University – weightlifting- MU type and training alterations
Greg G. Haff – West Virginia – weightlifting resistance training effects on fuel use

11. The scope of Exercise and Sports Science –three primary areas
Psychology: deals with behavioral aspects of exercise and sport including learning aspects
Physiology: How physiologic systems respond and adapt to human movement
Biomechanics: Study of physical/mechanical principles that underlie human motion

12. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Exercise and Sports Science— “New” Interdisciplinary Sciences
Characteristics of Science
A “science” needs objectivity and evidence
Need to distinguish between anecdotal and scientific evidence

13. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
In search of Truth in Science (and Advertising)
Testimonial approach – often incorrect assumptions
Tenacity - Propaganda
Knowledge of authority
Rationalistic method – may lead to right or wrong hypothesis
Scientific method can alleviate inappropriate conclusions

14. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
The Scientific Method
Goal is discovering what is true – science is not a philosophical debate
Basic tenet – truth is out there and it can be measured
Questions lead to research
Observation: Phenomenon to be explained
Hypothesis: Logical explanations
Experiment: Scientific study to verify hypotheses
The statistical approach
Mathematical tool to understand evidence

15. The Research Continuum: a generalization
Basic
Applied
performance
mechanisms
Translational
Sports Scientists
Exercise Scientists

16. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Basic Versus Applied Research
Basic Research
To acquire new knowledge
Knowledge has to be developed before it can be applied
Translational Research: bridging the gap between basic and applied – “assigns” mechanisms to applied findings
Applied Research
Obvious applications (sport – health)
Answers very specific research question

17. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Animal Research in Exercise and Sports Science
Many advances obtained through research on animals
Animals have also benefited
Often combined with human research
Goal is to enhance knowledge of Exercise and Sports Science

18. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
The Research Continuum
Questions may lead to other areas of science
Need both basic, translational and applied research
Maximum usefulness when adjacent levels understand and communicate issues of other levels

19. Foundations of Exercise and Sports Science
Movement at Every Level
Performance continuum: Individuals at different levels
Three categories
Subnormal
Normal
Supernormal
Studying all three categories yields better understanding of Exercise Science

20. Professional and Interest Group Organizations Associated with Exercise and Sports Sciences (Examples)
American Alliance of Health, Physical Education, Recreation and Dance (AAHPERD)
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
European College of Sports Medicine (ECSM)
International Society of Biomechanics in Sports (ISBS)
National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA)
United Kingdom Strength and Conditioning Association (UKSCA)

21. Sports Science – What is it?
Michael H. Stone, PhD
PEXS
East Tennessee State University

22. SPORTS SCIENCE MECHANISMS PERFORMANCE EXERCISE SCIENCE
ADULT FITNESS/ MEDICAL ASPECTS
PAEDIATRIC FACTORS
GERIATRIC FACTORS
ERGONOMICS
NUTRITION
PERFORMANCE

23. Biology: interdisciplinary study of life

24. EXERCISE SCIENCE: GENERAL TERM -
study of biological responses and adaptations to exercise and training
depends upon the disciplines of biomechanics, physiology, psychology, sociology, mechanical, electrical, and computer engineering
includes various specialities

25. SPORT SCIENCE:
enhancement of sport performance and sport equipment through the application of scientific methods and principles

26. EXERCISE SCIENTISTS:
- uses exercise or training to understand biology
SPORT SCIENTISTS:
- uses biology to understand sport
function to bridge the gap between science and sport

27. To be a better sport scientist(s):
1. be a very good scientist
2. be interested in the sport(s) and the development of elite performance
3. knowledge of sport(s) – personal interest
4. knowledge of training practices and outcomes
5. be willing to train like they do ? – better understand the sport
6. regular discussions with athletes and coaches
7. understand the politics
8. provoke thought -challenge
Become part of the sport.

28. SPORTS SCIENCE:BASIC FUNCTIONS
1. EDUCATION
2. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
3. RESEARCH

29. EDUCATION 1. coach (coaching the coach)/students 2. athlete
3. other sports scientists – mentor junior scientists

30. SPORTS TESTING AND FEEDBACK
INTEGRATED APPROACH
PICK THE BEST TESTS - BUT!!!
- relatively simple test - good reliability
- insure fast and reliable feedback for coaches and athletes
- make sure results are comprehensible and usable
ONGOING RE-EXAMINATION OF TESTING SERVICE

31. RESEARCH
a diligent and systematic enquiry or investigation in order to discover facts or principles
to investigate carefully
SEARCH FOR TRUTH AND CLARITY
CURRENTLY - WITHOUT RESEARCH – SPORT IS RARELY PUSHED AHEAD

32. RESEARCH AND SPORT SCIENCE
1. Practical
2. How can it be applied – not always apparent to the coach/athlete
3. Performance oriented
- coach - sport scientists interaction
- results should be reported ASAP
- often carried out within the sports testing programme

33. DEVELOP INNOVATIVE TESTING-RESEARCH PROGRAMMES
Example:
1. get the coaches involved in collecting data
- sport testing
- research
- talent ID
2. get NGB sport science committees involved in collecting data
3. use on-line services (MONITORING)

34. A NECESSITY: INTEGRATED
PROGRAMME PLANNING
Why should coaches be interested in Sport Science?
– a good coach does not simply imitate but innovates
- Art and Science
IDEALLY- SPORT SCIENCE , NGB’S AND COACHES WORK TOGETHER TO FORMULATE A TRAINING/TESTING PROGRAMME

35. THE IDEAL: DELIVERING SPORT SCIENCE TO THE ELITE ATHLETE AND COACHES IN THE USA
NGB
COACH/ATHLETE
USOC SPORT SCIENCE
DATA COLLECTION
NGB SS COMMITTEE

36. TESTING/RESEARCH/PROGRAMME PLANNING: TWO IMPORTANT CONCEPTS

37. EXERCISE CONTINUUM
STRENGTH
EXERCISE
POWER
EXERCISE
ENDURANCE
EXERCISE ?
STRENGTH
TRAINING
POWER
TRAINING
ENDURANCE
TRAINING

38. RECOVERY RECOVERY RECOVERY

39. Foundations of Exercise Science
Summary Points
Exercise Science and Sports Science are new fields of study formed by merging other disciplines
Major areas of concentration include: physiology, biomechanics and psychology
Anecdotal evidence can be presented through: testimonial approach, tenacity, knowledge of authority, and rationalistic method

40. Foundations of Exercise Science
Summary Points (cont.)
Scientific method uses : controlled observation, hypothesis, and experimentation
Basic research lays foundation for Applied and “Translational” research, which allows for improvements to specific areas of Exercise and Sports Science

41. THE END