1. Becker US History

2. Population on the Rise 1870 to 1900, American population doubles Population in cities triples 1885 Louis Sullivan invents skyscraper Otis invents elevator: tall buildings practical Electric trolleys built in major cities Electricity, indoor plumbing, and telephones Macy’s and Marshall Field’s dept stores

3. Problems in Paradise Major Crime problems in cities Sanitation issues: tenements Ethnic slums crammed with poor immigrants “dumbbell tenements” for the very poor No plumbing, electricity, or ventilation Garbage and latrine in back alleys 3-4 families in 2-room apartments Fire and disease are commonplace

4. “Bandits Roost”

5. Tenement Living

6. Family Life

7. A Nicer Bed

8. The Back Alley

9. The Dumbbell Tenement

10. New Immigration Until 1880, most immigrants from W Europe Mostly literate, to a degree Believe in some form of democracy 1880 forward, E and S Europeans dominate Mostly illiterate, unskilled labor Not used to democratic government Some anarchists, some socialists Most are poor, competing for same low-pay jobs

11. Assimilation? Most immigrants settle in ethnic communities Italian and Jewish ghettos of New York Russian ghettos in Baltimore Irish ghettos in Boston Most retain culture, language, remain “different” As a result, face racism and hatred Nativism develops against “different” people Association with poverty, slums, and crime Eventually, causes calls to limit immigration

12. Mulberry Street Italian Ghetto, NY

13. “Businessmen welcome poor foreign immigrants while “native” Americans are unemployed on the streets…”

14. Fixing the Slums Rise of the social gospel Walter Rauschenbusch & Washington Gladden Belief that churches had social responsibility Christians should help cities’ poor Settlement House movement Jane Addams on a mission to help urban poor Hull House in 1889 Chicago Provide homes and education to help immigrant children fit in to American society Awarded Nobel Peace Prize in 1931

16. “Give Me Your Poor…” “nativism,” anti-foreignism returns in 1880s fear that mixing of blood would ruin white race “Native” Americans blame immigrants for gov probs Bring dangerous ideas like socialism, communism Unions hate for willingness to work for low wages Immigrants frequently used as strikebreakers/scabs American Protective Association formed to oppose immigration Eventually ideas lead to formation of the American Party Ironically, the Statue of Liberty arrives in 1886

19. Religion Responds New generation of urban revivalists Dwight Moody forms Moody Bible Institute Cardinal Gibbons is pro-immigrant Catholic leader Salvation Army starts in England, comes to US Mary Baker Eddy founds Christian Science Healing of the body through the mind YMCA’s and YWCA’s also formed for urban youth All of these to help immigrants assimilate Provide financial & education assistance in cities

20. Moody Cardinal Gibbons

21. William Booth

22. Mary Baker Eddy Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage AbolitionAbolition Urban PovertyUrban Poverty TemperanceTemperance

23. Racial Equality? Few changes in South for blacks Blacks lag far behind whites in education Segregation, widespread discrimination Ex-slave Booker T. Washington has a plan Forms Tuskegee Institute in AL for blacks Teaching blacks useful skills, trades to advance Believes in blacks helping themselves Believes change will not come overnight Racial stereotypes need to be broken by example “Prove to the whites that we are equal”

24. Other Views on Equality W.E.B. Du Bois has different vision for blacks first Black to get a Ph.D. from Harvard Northern black- different life experiences Demands immediate, complete equality for blacks “We have nothing to prove- we ARE equal.” 1910 founds National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) DuBois, Washington represent competing views in the black community on how to gain civil rights

25. Washington Du Bois

26. Gilded Age Authors Kate Chopin, adultery, suicide, and women’s ambitions The Awakening. Mark Twain (Samuel Clemens) The Adventures of Tom Sawyer The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Gilded Age The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County.

27. Gilded Age Authors Bret Harte California gold rush stories. William Dean Howells editor in chief of the Atlantic Monthly ordinary people and controversial social themes. Stephen Crane steamy underside of life in urban, industrial America Maggie: Girl of the Street. The Red Bad of Courage, (Civil War) Henry James Daisy Miller Portrait of a Lady women as central characters

28. Gilded Age Authors Jack London wild unexplored regions of wilderness Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis The Call of the Wild The Iron Heel. Frank Norris The Octopus corruption of the railroads. Paul Laurence Dunbar Charles W. Chesnutt Black writers used Black dialect and folklore

29. Entertainment Phineas T. Barnum and James A. Bailey 1881 create the “Greatest Show on Earth” Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Bailey Circus “Buffalo Bill” Cody “Wild West” show Featured markswoman Annie Oakley Only contact of most Americans to “Indians” Treats Natives with respect and dignity, but… James Naismith invented basketball in 1891