1. 1 Applications Leading to Understanding

2. 2 Reasoning Fallacies Circular Reasoning l “ The Bible is the word of God. Why do you believe that? Because the Bible told me so.” Non sequitur - Any conclusion that does not follow from the reasons that have been cited. l “This product is environmentally safe, it was tested on hair stylists, not animals.”

3. 3 Using the Toulmin Model l Credibility Warrant - Because this expert or person is trustworthy or has expertise, we must believe x, y, or z. l Sign - These factors are usually signs of x, y, or z. l Generalization - These four cases or examples indicate a general trend that x, y, or z.

4. 4 Using the Toulmin Model (cont.) l Motivational - Since we value “x”, we must believe or adopt “y” l Parallel Case - Since these cases or situations are so similar, we must conclude x, y, or z.