1. Broadband 101, an Intro to Broadband Technologies Prasad Calyam, Research Scientist, OARnet, OSC Stan Ahalt, Executive Director, OSC Pankaj Shah, Director, OARnet, OSC Paul Schopis, Director of Engineering, OARnet, OSC

2. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 2 Topics of Discussion What is Broadband? Who provides Broadband? What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband? What can you now buy in the Broadband Market that was not sold earlier? What are the major Broadband initiatives in Ohio today? Conclusion Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

3. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 3 What is Broadband? Broadband is usually used to reference “high speed” Internet connections  High speed allows quick web surfing, voice and video communications over the Internet  Broadband connections are typically ON all the time No hassles of “dialing” in to an Internet Service Provider  But, you still need a Broadband Provider or Internet Service Provider (ISP) who can assist you in setting up and maintaining a Broadband connection… Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

4. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 4 Who are Broadband Providers? Any one who owns “Fiber” or has access to lots of it!  Telcos, Cable Companies, Holding Companies E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo DSL, WOW, Qwest, MCI, many others… Broadband Providers serve two types of services based on who the customer is -  Residential User Services Cable Modem, DSL Modem  Business Organization Services T-1, DS-3, OC-3, OC-12, … Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

5. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 5 Where to find Broadband Providers in your Area? http://www.thelist.com You can check your local Yellow Pages also… Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

6. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 6 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband? Broadband Capacities Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)  (Layer 1) Physical Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

7. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 7 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities  Units of Measure  Optical Carrier Hierarchy  Digital Signal Hierarchy Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)  (Layer 1) Physical Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Broadband Capacities

8. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 8 Broadband Capacities A Measure of “capacity of the pipe” available to you Expressed in Kbps, Mbps, Gbps, …(See Table -1)  ‘bps’ stands for “bits per second”  The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has defined a broadband connection as any rate higher than 1.5 Mbps (i.e. T-1 Line) Even more common method to describe Broadband capacity involves Optical Carrier (OC) or Digital Signal (DS) hierarchy  DS-3 (45 Mbps), OC-1 (52 Mbps), OC-3 (155 Mbps), OC-12 (622 Mbps), OC-48 (2.4 Gbps), OC-192 (10 Gbps), … Table-1: Base-2 Number System Abbreviations and Sizes for bps prefixes Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Broadband Capacities

9. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 9 Data Quantity Vs Broadband Capacity How fast is 8 Gbps or 8,000 million bits per second Broadband Capacity?  Approximately 1 million one-page essays can be transferred per second! Or  Approximately 1000 novels worth of data can be transferred per second! Or  The entire “The Matrix” movie can be downloaded in less than 40 seconds over such a link compared to taking 25 hours for the same movie to be downloaded over a DSL Modem connection (512Kbps) or 250 hours over Dial-up (56Kbps) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Broadband Capacities

10. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 10 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web FTP VoIP H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP)  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)  (Layer 1) Physical Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

11. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 11 End-Applications Web  Used to reference the computer infrastructure that allows browsing information formatted using Hyper-Text Markup Language (HTML) FTP  Stands for “File Transfer Protocol” - It is a technology used for transferring files over the Internet VoIP  Stands for “Voice over IP” - It is a technology used for transmitting voice signals like a telephone signal on the Internet H.323 Videoconferencing  It is a technology used for interactive conferencing using both voice and video signals on the Internet Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

12. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 12 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) Router PoP  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN)  (Layer 1) Physical Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

13. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 13 IP Network (E.g. OARnet - Ohio, MERIT - Michigan,…) (E.g. Time Warner, SBC Yahoo, WOW,…) (E.g. Internet2 - USA, DANTE - Europe, CANARIE - Canada,…) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

14. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 14 Point of Presence (PoP) NOTES: 1. Router is a physical device in a network that directs packets to their intended destinations 2. PoP (Point of Presence) is a term used to reference a physical location where telecommunication lines meet Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

15. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 15 Types and Sizes of Routers Home Networking Router 10s of $$ Routers for Small/Medium sized Networks 100s-1000s of $$ Router for Large Backbone Networks > 10,000s of $$ Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 3 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

16. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 16 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) Router, PoP  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) Wired (Ethernet)  Fast (FE)  GigE Wireless  802.11b  802.11g  (Layer 1) Physical Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

17. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 17 Ethernet LAN To Local ISP’s IP Network FE (100Mbps) or GigE (1000Mbps) Co-axial Cables Optical Fiber Cables NOTE: 1. Ethernet is a data transfer protocol for Local Area Networks (LANs) 2. IP stands for “Internet Protocol”; This technology gives addresses to electronic packets of information Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

18. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 18 Wireless LAN Devices (E.g. Printers, Computers) communicate with each other without using wires! 802.11 is an IEEE Standard used by Industry for wireless access 802.11 requires an “Access Point”  On one end it is connected to a wired network and on the other end it interfaces all information to and from the devices to be sent to the wired network Popular 802.11 Versions:  802.11b (Wi-Fi): Provides 11 Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency band Used when relatively lesser number of devices access the wireless network over shorter distances  802.11g: Provides 20+ Mbps transmission in the 2.4 GHz radio frequency band Used when relatively large number of devices access the wireless network over longer distances Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 2 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

19. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 19 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) Router, PoP  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g  (Layer 1) Physical Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode Wireless: Satellite Link Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

20. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 20 Optical Fiber Provides physical connectivity between two ends using light as a communication mechanism  Uses “Total Internal Reflection” principle to propagate light through the fiber Composed of long and thin strands of pure glass about the diameter of human hair – arranged in bundles Three significant components:  Core – Glass center where light travels  Cladding – Material that reflects light back into Core  Buffer Coating – Plastic coating that protects fiber from damage and moisture Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

21. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 21 Optical Fiber (2): Types Single-Mode (Yellow Cable; expensive)  They have small cores (about 3.5 x 10-4 inches or 9 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared laser light (wavelength = 1,300 to 1,550 nanometers)  Carrier owned fiber used for Wide Area Networks with relatively large distances (20 to 30 miles) before a regenerator is required to go further Multi-Mode (Orange Cable; inexpensive)  They have larger cores (about 2.5 x 10-3 inches or 62.5 microns in diameter) and transmit infrared light (wavelength = 850 to 1,300 nm) from Light- Emitting Diodes (LEDs)  Customer owned fiber used for Metropolitan Area Networks with relatively short distances between ends Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

22. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 22 Optical Fiber (3): DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)  Recent technology in optical transmission that promises dramatic increases in the capacity of a fiber  DWDM technology splits (or combines) a beam of light into multiple colors, or wavelengths, each of which can operate at 10 Gbps The technology is rapidly advancing with the number of possible wavelengths exceeding 100 per fiber Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

23. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 23 Optical Equipment Used to “Relay” light signals between two geographic locations Different kinds of optical equipment:  Optical Transmitter - Produces and encodes the light signals Encoding involves electrical to optical signal conversion  Optical Fiber - Conducts the light signals over a distance  Optical Regenerator - May be necessary to boost the light signal (for long distances)  Optical Receiver - Receives and decodes the light signals Encoding involves optical to electrical signal conversion Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Internet Architecture Stack Layer 1 Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer

24. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 24 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities  Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) Router, PoP  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g  (Layer 1) Physical Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode Wireless: Satellite Link Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms

25. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 25 Last Mile Refers to the telecommunications technology that connects the customer's home or business office directly to an ISP or Broadband Provider  E.g. T-1, Cable Modem, DSL Modem Getting the “Last Mile” suitably connected is a challenge in rural communities  A bad link at this level fails the entire “network chain” for the end-user! Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms

26. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 26 What can you now buy in the Broadband Market that was not sold earlier? Dark Fiber!  “Dark Fiber” term is used to reference unused fiber or fiber that has not been “lit” to be used by end-applications  Dark Fiber when “lit” is dedicated to a single customer Typically, a number of organizations such as schools, hospitals, businesses and universities get together to fund and build a fiber network  Customer is responsible for attaching telecommunications equipment and lasers to “light” the fiber Owns, Controls and Maintains the fiber  Upfront costs are high to purchase dark fiber; but expected payback in few months or few years if there is sufficient demand Each institution owns dark fiber based on 20 year IRU (Indefeasible Right of Use) with Carriers Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms

27. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 27 Right of Way and Municipal Access Agreements (MAAs) Deploying Optical Fiber networks involves entering into legal contracts with both local municipality as well as owners of any existing support structures  Required for cabling space, utility poles, insurance, liability and safety issues  Ensures that your “right of way” is not sold to other party who wishes to place cables  Records and drawings of cable paths should be professionally done and provided to municipality  IRUs cover above issues and annual maintenance expenses “Right of Way” cost accounts for approximately 5% of the capital cost Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Terminology: Miscellaneous Terms

28. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 28 What terminology needs to be understood for buying Broadband?  Broadband Capacities  Internet Architecture Stack (4 – Layers)  (Layer 4) End-Application Web, FTP, VoIP, H.323 Videoconferencing  (Layer 3) Internet Protocol (IP) Router, PoP  (Layer 2) Local Area Network (LAN) Wired (Ethernet): Fast (FE), GigE Wireless: 802.11b, 802.11g  (Layer 1) Physical Fiber: Single-Mode, Multi-Mode Wireless: Satellite Link  Miscellaneous Terms  Last-Mile, Dark Fiber, IRUs, Right of Ways and Municipal Access Agreements (MAA) Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD Layer 4 End-Application Layer Layer 3 Internet Protocol Layer Layer 2 Local Area Network Layer Layer 1 Physical Layer Terminology: COMPLETED

29. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 29 What are the major Broadband initiatives in Ohio today? Third Frontier Network  A dedicated high-speed fiber-optic network linking Ohio colleges and universities with research facilities to promote research and economic development  Over 1,600 miles of fiber has been purchased to create the network backbone in Ohio to connect colleges and universities, K-12 schools, and communities together  Funded by the Ohio Board of Regents and operated by OARnet/Ohio Supercomputer Center Other Rural Ohio Initiatives Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

30. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 30 Third Frontier Network

31. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 31 -TFN PoP -Regen Site -TFN Link - Leased - Proposed - K-12 (All Broadband) -eTech (All Broadband) -Higher Ed (Broadband) - Higher Ed (not Broadband) TFN: All Sites Connected

32. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 32 Regional Optical Networks

33. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 33 Local Examples Galion  Created SCADA fiber network for the municipally owned electric  Connects municipal facilities  Potentially may: Offer “free” fibers for economic development purposes Lease fiber pairs to local company for resale purposes to improve local service offerings Marietta  Utilizing “Smart” traffic fiber system to provide connectivity to wireless radios on traffic poles to create city-wide Wi-Fi network  Currently in trail phase and pursuing additional funding Butler County  Partnered through an RFP to build 96 strand 110 mile fiber network  Public/Private partnership  Leases 12 strands to Miami University  Cincinnati Bell provides maintenance and operations Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

34. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 34 References and Links http://www.webopedia.com  Search for Broadband terminology http://www.howstuffworks.com  Description of Routers, Optical Networks,… with illustrations CANARIE’s FAQ about Dark Fiber These slides are available at - http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/ppts/broadband101.ppt http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/ppts/broadband101.ppt http://www.osc.edu/research/networking/PDFs/broadband101.pdf Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD

35. Broadband Training 28 February 2006 35 Questions / Comments Sponsored by ODOD Presented by OSC/OARnet, Whiteboard, and SZD