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Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system consists of
- The fluid : Lymph
- A network of : Lymphatic vessel (parallel to veins )
- Specially cells called: Lymphocytes
- An array of : Lymphoid tissue and lymphoid organs
This system closely associated with the CV system
The lymphatic system differs from the circulatory system in that the lymphatics do not form a closed ring or circuit.
Instead, begin blindly in the intercellular spaces of the soft tissues of the body.
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2. Lymphatic vessels drain excess fluid from the tissues and return it to the cardiovascular system.
 The tonsils, spleen, thymus gland, and red bone marrow are among those lymphatic organs that assist immunity.
Lymphatic vessels,
like cardiovascular veins,
have valves to prevent
backward flow.

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The lymphatic organs
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4. The lymphatic organs Primary lymphatic organs - The red bone
marrow and
- thymus gland
Secondary lymphatic organs
- Lymph nodes
- Spleen,
- tonsils,
- Payer patches
- MALT
- Appendix
- Lacteals

5. Lymphoid tissue and organs
Secondary/peripheral
Lymphoid
Primary/central
lymphoid Organ
1. Spleen
mengumpulkan antigen dari
darah
2. Lymph nodes
jaringan
3. Lymphoid tissue
berasosiasi dengan mukosa
(MALT), tonsil: palatin, lingual
dan faringeal; appendix,
Payer patches
Mengumpulkan antigen dari
permukaan epitel tubuh
Sumsum
tulang
Thymus
Lymphopoiesis place

6. Three main functions of lymphatic system
1. Fluid balance.
The lymphatic system takes up excess tissue fluid and returns it to the bloodstream.
Recall that lymphatic capillaries lie very near blood capillaries, and they serve as an auxiliary way to take up fluid that has exited the blood capillaries
2. Fat absorption.
The lymphatic system absorbs fats from the digestive tract and transports them to the bloodstream.
Special lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are located in the intestinal villi
This function ensures the absorption of dietary lipids as well as lipid-soluble vitamins.
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7. Three main functions of lymphatic system
3. Defense
The lymphatic system helps defend the body against disease.
This function is carried out by the white blood cells present in lymphatic vessels and lymphatic organs.
 To help distribute hormones, nutrients, and waste
 maintaining continuous communication between blood and tissue
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8. Importance of the Lymphatic System
Two most important functions
 Maintenance of fluid balance in the internal environment.
 prevent edema & restore interstitial fluid to cardiovascular syst.
 Immunity
maintaining fluid balance.
Plasma filters into the interstitial spaces from blood flowing through the capillaries.
Much of this interstitial fluid is absorbed by tissue cells or reabsorbed by the blood before it flows out of the tissue.
A small amount of interstitial fluid is left behind.
 If this would continue over even a brief period of time, the increased interstitial fluid would cause massive edema  tissue destruction or death
This problem is avoided by the presence of lymphatic vessels that act as "drains" to collect the excess fluid and return it to the venous blood just before it reaches the heart

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 Lymph
 derived from the blood and tissue fluid, clear, watery fluid found in the lymphatic vessels.
Interstitial fluid  fluid that fills the spaces around cells
 another type of extracellular fluid
 Composition:
interstitial fluid that enters lymph vessel becomes lymph fluid
only a few of the plasma proteins leak out of blood capillaries & are then picked up by lymph vessels
other solutes of plasma, interstitial fluid & lymph should be same
lacks red blood cells & platelets
WBCs are present in lymph, blood & interstitial fluid
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10.  General Composition of Extracellular Fluids
Blood
Interstitial Fluid
Lymph
Red Blood Cells X
Platelets
White Blood Cells
Proteins - albumin, globulins...
X-lots
Few
Other Solutes x

11.  Lymphatic Vessels  Formed by merging lymphatic capillaries;
 Originate as microscopic blind-end vessels called lymphatic capillaries
 Formed by merging lymphatic capillaries;
 Walls similar to veins and have valves to prevent backflow of lymph  These lead to lymph nodes.
 Lymphatic capillaries merge with other lymphatics to eventually form the main lymphatic trunks.
 Lymphatic vessels resemble veins in structure with these exceptions:
- Lymphatics have thinner walls.
- Lymphatics contain more valves.
- Lymphatics contain lymph nodes located at certain intervals along their course.

12. Routes for Drainage of Lymph
From lymphatic capillaries, lymph flows through progressively larger lymphatic vessels to eventually reenter blood at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins
How lymph travels
- from extremities
Lymph capillaries  lymphatic vessels  nodes  cysterna chyli (from both legs and abdomen)  thoracic duct (behind left brachiocephalic vein and left subclavian vein)  then dumps into left subclavian vein
- from head
lymph vessel travel down and also dump into the left subclavian vein

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The Lymphatic Pump
Lymph flows through the thoracic duct and reenters the general circulation at the rate of 125 mL/hour.
Occurs despite the fact that most of the flow is against gravity or "uphill".
It moves through the system in the right direction because of the large number of valves that permit fluid flow only in one direction.
The movement is due to
 breathing movements and
 skeletal muscle contractions
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14. Lymphokinetic actions
Activities that result in central movement or flow are called lymphokinetic actions.
X-rays show that lymph pours into the central veins most rapidly at the peak of inspiration.
 The mechanism of inspiration,
This simultaneously causes pressure to increase in the abdominal portion of the thoracic duct and to decrease in the thoracic portion.
 Research has shown that thoracic duct lymph is literally "pumped" into the venous system during inspiration.
 The rate of flow of lymph into venous circulation is proportional to the depth of inspiration.
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15.  Contracting skeletal muscles
 The total volume of lymph that enters the central veins during a given time period depends on both the depth of inspiration and the overall breathing rate.
 Contracting skeletal muscles
 also exert pressure on the lymphatics to push the lymph forward.
 During exercise, lymph flow may increase as much as 10-15x.
 In addition, segmental contraction of the walls of the lymphatics themselves, results in lymph being pumped from one valve segment to the next.
Other pressure generating factors:
- Arterial pulsations
- Postural changes
- Passive compression (massage) of the body soft tissues.

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LYMPH NODES
 Lymph nodes located along the paths of collecting vessels.
 The main nodes are located in the: cervical, inguinal, and in axyllary, pelvis, abdomen, and thorax region
 Lymph vessel:
- Afferent, brings lymph into the node
- Efferent, brings lymph vessel leaving lymph node
 Germinal centers  centers of lymphoid tissue inside the node
 Cysterna Chyli  a collecting duct that receives lymph from the lumbar and intestinal trunks
 They are typically located in groups along the larger lymphatic vessels, which follow the major blood vessels
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17. Functions like a kitchen
Clean the lymph 
Vein  heart

18. Functions of lymph node  like a kitchen
- Slows down flow of lymph as it passes through
- Filter ~ 99% of foreign material out of incoming lymph
- Trap & destroy foreign stuff caught in the reticular mesh
- Produce more lymphocytes during infection

19. Problems of the systems
Lymphangitis  inflamasi pembuluh limfatik
Lymphadenopathy (Swollen glands/node)
Bubonic plaque  hemorrhaging and swelling of the lymph nodes
Radical Mastectomy  surgery deep axillary lymph nodes
Cancer  easily spread through lymphatic system
Some Causes of Edema
obstruction of lymphatic vessel or vein (lymph edema)
filarial (round) worms inside vessels  scar tissue blocks lymph
infection  inflammation  blood vessels get "leaky"
high blood pressure in capillaries  excess fluid leaks out
form a pathway that can "trap" & then destroy foreign material
before it has a chance to enter high speed blood stream

20. Lymphatic and immunity