1. Professor of Computer Science University of Tasmania Presentation available at http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 Arthur Sale Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.au Open Access in developed countries

2. GK3 Panel2 Structure 1.Describe Australia’s approach to Open Access (OA) 2.Overview of other countries 3.What are the key problems? 4.How can any country or GK3 help to make the world’s research accessible?

3. GK3 Panel3

4. 4 Higher Education Sector 38 research universities ranging from research intensive to regional (+4 small colleges) Large fraction of funding from Federal Government Other income from fees (including international students), research grants, consultancies, and endowments. Two private universities.

5. GK3 Panel5 Early Repository Activity Digital repository activity commenced in Australia around 2003/2004. Early adopters were the Australian National University, University of Melbourne, University of Queensland, and University of Tasmania, all with EPrints software, and all research-intensive, top quartile. The University of New South Wales undertook a major digital theses project.

6. GK3 Panel6 “Backing Australia’s Ability” Federal Minister decided to fund $A35M substantial digital repository-related projects, some of which are: ADT, ARROW, APSR, RUBRIC, OAK-Law, MAMS This talk will flesh some of these and give links for further information. All project data is freely available to the world, of course.

7. GK3 Panel7 Australasian Digital Theses ADT is the oldest of the initiatives and provides a searchable gateway for electronic copies of graduate research theses (eg PhD) to digital repositories in 41 universities in Australia and New Zealand. Distributed model: local repositories and local decision-making; centralized gateway and coordinated standards and support.

8. GK3 Panel8 Screenshot http://adt.caul.edu.au/

9. GK3 Panel9 ADT participation

10. GK3 Panel10 ARROW Australian Repositories Online to the World has undertaken two main activities: The ARROW Discovery Service is a federated gateway to OAI-PMH compliant repositories, run by the National Library http://search.arrow.edu.au/The ARROW Discovery Service is a federated gateway to OAI-PMH compliant repositories, run by the National Library http://search.arrow.edu.au/ http://search.arrow.edu.au/ Developing a [commercial] front-end to free Fedora software, known as VITAL and licensed by VTLS Inc (USA).Developing a [commercial] front-end to free Fedora software, known as VITAL and licensed by VTLS Inc (USA).

11. GK3 Panel11 ARROW Discovery Service http://search.arrow.edu.au/

12. GK3 Panel12 APSR The Australian Partnership for Sustainable Repositories has: Done considerable work on sustainability of repositories, and runs many workshops One partner, the University of Queensland, has developed an open-source front-end to Fedora software, known as Fez.

13. GK3 Panel13 Software Only five different software packages are used in Australia, and this is not expected to change in the near future except perhaps by the addition of Ex Libris. The packages are EPrints, DSpace, Fez, VITAL, and ProQuest’s Digital Commons. EPrints, DSpace, and Fez are all free open source software. EPrints and DSpace are the world’s two leading repository software packages.

14. GK3 Panel14 Current repositories Leaving the ADT repositories aside, all (100%) Australian universities have a research repository, or access to one through a consortium agreement. The key problem now is that they don’t capture all research, and therefore all Australian research is not yet open access. This is the target of an Australian Government program called the Accessibility Framework.

15. GK3 Panel15 Australian Data Collection All Australian universities report their research outputs and research training annually to DEST in the Higher Education Research Data Collection (HERDC), since at least 1992. Research outputs comprise journal papers, conference papers, book chapters and books. http://www.avcc.edu.au/documents/publicati ons/stats/HERDCTimeSeriesData1992- 2005.xls http://www.avcc.edu.au/documents/publicati ons/stats/HERDCTimeSeriesData1992- 2005.xls http://www.avcc.edu.au/documents/publicati ons/stats/HERDCTimeSeriesData1992- 2005.xls This enables to check repository completeness!

16. GK3 Panel16 ADT Universities find it easier to create rules for students than for staff. Of the 34 universities contributing to ADT, 16 have mandatory thesis deposit policies in place (47%). The outcomes are clear: mandate and the repository fills with theses; don’t and it stays derisorily empty (<20%).

17. GK3 Panel17 ADT Deposit performance

18. GK3 Panel18 Research deposit policies Queensland University of Technology (QUT) has a mandatory research deposit policy, which has been in place since 2004. All other Australian universities presently rely on persuasion. As a result all the repositories are relatively empty, except for QUT. This is changing…

19. GK3 Panel19 % of DEST output

20. GK3 Panel20 QUT accretion

21. GK3 Panel21 Funder policies The ARC and NH&MRC (research councils) have been inching towards a policy of requiring deposit. What they have stated so far is that for all new grants, researchers should provide open access to publications, but if not the researchers must explain why not in their reports. The Productivity Commission has produced two strong reports which recommend a 100% mandatory deposit policy.

22. GK3 Panel22 New Zealand The situation is very similar to Australia. All universities have repositories but they face the same emptiness syndrome. New Zealand has just launched its own Open Access gateway: the Kiwi Research Information Service (KRIS) http://nzresearch.org.nz/ http://nzresearch.org.nz/

23. GK3 Panel23 United Kingdom Again quite similar to Australia. Nearly all universities have repositories but they face the same emptiness syndrome. Six of the seven UK research councils have developed policies that require grantees to make all their papers open access, and this will gradually take effect.

24. GK3 Panel24 What should developing countries do? 1.Establish an Internet-connected repository in each research university. The cost is relatively small: a $3000 server will do, and we used an existing old computer in Tasmania. The software is free. Much advice and help is available.The cost is relatively small: a $3000 server will do, and we used an existing old computer in Tasmania. The software is free. Much advice and help is available.

25. GK3 Panel25 What should developing countries do? 2.The national government should require that every researcher deposit every research publication in a repository. Without a requirement, the evidence is that deposit is not done. Only 10-20% deposit rates follow. This is totally inadequate except as a starting basis.Without a requirement, the evidence is that deposit is not done. Only 10-20% deposit rates follow. This is totally inadequate except as a starting basis. No enforcement is needed.No enforcement is needed.

26. GK3 Panel26 What should developing countries do? 3.Support and pressure the developed countries (USA, Europe, Australia, etc) to similarly require their universities to make their research available on the Internet. These countries face pressures slowing their implementation. They need help.These countries face pressures slowing their implementation. They need help. Think of it as a free trade in information.Think of it as a free trade in information.

27. GK3 Panel27 Summary Free Open Access to the world’s research is now potentially available to everyone with Internet capability.Free Open Access to the world’s research is now potentially available to everyone with Internet capability. Developing counties can greatly boost their research impact by specifying open access to their research.Developing counties can greatly boost their research impact by specifying open access to their research. As developed countries slowly achieve a similar goal, international research information will be freed from cost barriers.As developed countries slowly achieve a similar goal, international research information will be freed from cost barriers.

28. GK3 Panel28 The End

29. GK3 Panel29 Contacts & useful links This presentation with live links available at http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 http://eprints.utas.edu.au/2636 Author: Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.au Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.au The AuseAccess wiki: http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/ http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/ AuseSearch (federated search on all existing Australian & NZ repositories) http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/eprints/search.html http://www.utas.edu.au/copyright/eprints/search.html

30. GK3 Panel30 Current information See the AuseAccess wiki: http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/pmwiki.php?n=Activity.AustralianRepositories http://leven.comp.utas.edu.au/AuseAccess/pmwiki.php?n=Activity.AustralianRepositories Selected publications re repositories: http://eprints.utas.edu.au/perl/search/advanced?_ action_search=Search&creators=Sale&abstract =repository&ispublished=pub&refereed=EITHE R&_order=byyear http://eprints.utas.edu.au/perl/search/advanced?_ action_search=Search&creators=Sale&abstract =repository&ispublished=pub&refereed=EITHE R&_order=byyear

31. GK3 Panel31 Secondary issues not discussed ANU EPress as e-publishing example http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanello poulos.pdfANU EPress as e-publishing example http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanello poulos.pdf http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanello poulos.pdf http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/kanello poulos.pdf EJournals (UTS and Swinburne) http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton. pptEJournals (UTS and Swinburne) http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton. ppt http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton. ppt http://www.apsr.edu.au/adaptable/lawton. ppt EResearch http://www.eresearch.edu.au/EResearch http://www.eresearch.edu.au/http://www.eresearch.edu.au/

32. GK3 Panel32 © Copyright 2007 Arthur Sale All rights reserved Arthur Sale asserts the right to be recognized as author of this work Contact: Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.au Arthur.Sale@utas.edu.au