2. What is energy?
ability to do work
Cars need energy to move
Animals need energy to grow, move, make noise, etc

3. Where do cars get energy?
from burning fuel
Specifically oil and gasoline

4. Chemical Energy is stored in fuels
- Burning oil and gasoline release energy in the form of heat and light ; The energy also allows the car to move.
- Gasoline is organic. When gasoline reacts with oxygen you get a combustion reaction. The products of ALL combustion reactions are carbon dioxide (CO2) and Water (H20)

5. What is our fuel?
- Food!
- Specifically Glucose (simple carb)

6. But where does the glucose in our food come from?
THE SUN!!!

7. Really? How? Let go through step by step.
Where did your glucose come from?

8. 2. How did the glucose get in the food?
How did she get the glucose?

9. 4. How did the glucose get in the grass?
5. Where did the energy to make the glucose come from?

10. SO, long story short,
- the chloroplasts take energy from the sun and put it into a glucose molecule (Photosynthesis)
- through the food chain, glucose gets passed from organism to organism
- eventually mitochondria of some organism takes the energy back out, by breaking down the glucose (Cell respiration)

11. Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP
Types of Batteries
Adenosine Triphosphate: ATP
cycles between ATP (high energy) and ADP (low energy) by adding or removing a phosphate

12. ADP and ATP

13. ADP/ATP cycle

14. Types of Batteries
Electron Carriers: cycle between low energy “empty” form and high energy “full” form by adding or removing electrons.
We can “empty” these electron carriers to charge ATP

15. Types of Batteries
There are three different electron carriers: NADPH; NADH and FADH2

16. Photosynthesis
Let’s start by getting the energy from the sun into the glucose molecule

17. Heterotrophs: Organisms that get food from somewhere else
Key terms:
Heterotrophs: Organisms that get food from somewhere else
Examples??

18. Autotrophs: organisms that make food for themselves
Photoautotrophs use light energy to make their food
Examples?
Chemoautotrophs use the energy in inorganic compounds to make their food

19. Understanding a little about light is important
Understanding a little about light is important! Refer to your “Science of light and Color” assignment to help!

21. Photoautotrophs undergo Photosynthesis
So what organelle is in their cells?

22. Granum (plural Grana)
Thylakoid
Stroma

23. What makes it Green?
Pigment called Chlorophyll (There are two chlorophylls)
A pigment is a substance that absorbs light

24. What color light bounces off chlorophyll?
GREEN!!!

25. Carotenes and xanthophylls
Carotenes and xanthophylls*: other plant pigments (orange and yellow) that absorb different wavelengths of sunlight than the chlorophylls do.
When can we see these??
* ZAN-tho-fills
FALL!!!

26. Overall Reaction 6CO2 + 6H2O  + 6O2 C6H12O6 (Glucose)
Photosynthesis requires MANY reactions but we can summarize it with the following reaction
Like all reactions, photosynthesis needs:
C6H12O6
6CO2 + 6H2O  O2
(Glucose)

27. Two Phases of Photosynthesis
Light reactions: need light;
- uses light energy to “charge” two energy molecules: ATP and NADPH
- proteins needed for the reaction are embedded in the thylakoid membrane
- Uses: 6H2O produces: 6O2

28. Two Phases of Photosynthesis
Calvin cycle: doesn’t need light;
- Uses the ATP and NADPH “charged” by the light reactions to link CO2 together to build C6H12O6
- Enzymes for the calvin cycle are found in the stroma
Reactant: 6CO2 Product: C6H12O6

29. Putting it Together

30. Glucose will do one of two things:
Move to the mitochondria to be converted into ATP through Cell respiration
2. Go through dehydration synthesis to build a big starch chain and be stored for future use

31. Follow the Energy Where did the energy start? Where did it go next?
Where is it at the end of photosynthesis?

32. Factors that affect Photosynthesis
Light intensity (how bright/strong)
CO2 levels
Water
Wavelength (color of light)
Temperature: 0 – 35 degrees C
Why do each of these affect photosynthesis?

33. Exceptions to the Rules:
Autotrophic Protists:
Example: Algae, volvox and Euglena

34. Exceptions to the Rules:
Autotrophic Bacteria:
Example: Cyanobacteria (“Blue” bacteria)

35. Exceptions to the Rules:
Heterotrophic plants: some plants get food from other organisms
Mistletoe: makes food AND takes sap (high in sugar) from other trees

36. Exceptions to the Rules:
Venus Flytrap: traps and digests insects as a food source

37. Exceptions to the Rules:
Dodder plant: roots grow into other plants and steals water and glucose

38. How do we get the energy back out?
Cell Respiration – a series of chemical reactions that extract energy from glucose to “charge” ADP to make ATP.
Starts in the cytoplasm and ends in the mitochondria.

39. How do we get the energy back out?

40. Overall reaction
C6H12O6
+ 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
ATP

41. Two types of Cellular Respiration
Anaerobic: no free oxygen required
- performed by most bacteria
- Also by yeast and animal cells when lacking O2
- two steps: Glycolysis, fermentation
- makes 2 ATP per glucose

43. Two types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic: requires FREE oxygen, O2 gas to get ATP from glucose
three steps: glycolysis, krebs, electron transport chain
performed by plants, animals, yeast, protists, fungus.
Generates 36 ATP per glucose

44. Anaerobic step 1: Glycolysis
Occurs in cytoplasm
Summary: split glucose in half to charge a few ATP and NADH
Reaction: Glucose  2 pyruvate
Energy molecules used: 2ATP
Energy molecules made: 4ATP and 2NADH

45. Fermentation Occurs in cytoplasm
Summary: “empty” the NADH so we can repeat glycolysis with the next glucose
2Pyruvate  CO2 and Ethanol (yeast) or
- 2Pyruvate  Lactic Acid (bacteria and muscle cells)
NO MORE ATP CHARGED!

46. ATP Tallies: Anaerobic: - Glycolysis: used 2, made 4
- Fermentation: used 0, made 0
Total: +2 per glucose

47. Aerobic step 1: Glycolysis
SAME AS STEP 1 OF ANAEROBIC!

48. Krebs Occurs in mitochondria
Summary: break down pyruvate into CO2; use energy in pyruvate to charge ATP, NADH and FADH2

49. Krebs Can bacteria do Krebs?? Reaction: 2Pyruvate  2Acetyl-CoA + CO2
Energy molecules made: 2ATP + 2FADH + 6NADH
Can bacteria do Krebs??

50. Electron Transport Chain
Occurs in mitochondria
Summary: Gather up ALL the electron carriers and “empty” them to “charge” lots of ATP

51. Electron Transport Chain
Reaction:
O2 H2O
Energy molecules USED: 10 NADH (from krebs and glycolysis) + 2 FADH (from krebs)
Energy molecules MADE: 32 ATP

52. ATP Tallies: Aerobic: - Glycolysis: used 2, made 4
- Krebs: used 0, made 2
- ETC: used 0, made 32
Total: +36 ATP per glucose

53. Overall Energy Summary for Aerobic Respiration
Reactants (used up/broken down) Products (created/built up)
Glucose + 2ATP  2 Pyruvate + 4ATP + 2NADH
2 Pyruvate  2CO2 + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2NADH
2Acetyl-CoA  NADH + 2FADH2 + 2ATP+ 4CO2
10NADH + 2FADH2 + 6O  32ATP + 4CO2 + 6H2O
What’s Left? 
Final Reaction for Aerobic Respiration

54. Putting it together: Sun C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O 36ATP Chloroplast
Mitochondria
36ATP