1. Personality

2. Questions Addressed How did Freud develop psychoanalysis? What personality traits are most basic? Do we learn our personality? Is everyone basically good? How do psychologists measure personality?

3. What Is Personality? Person’s enduring psychological and behavioral characteristics

4. Four Main Approaches to Personality Psychodynamic Trait Social-cognitive Phenomenological

5. Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach

6. Sigmund Freud physician in Vienna, 1890s, treating “neurotic” disorders. dysfunctions tell us about normal development “psychic determinism” later behavior determined by earlier psychological development emphasized unconscious aspects of personality

7. Method Case Studies free association (Freudian slip) dream analysis transference

8. Some Defense Mechanisms Repression Rationalization Projection Reaction Formation Regression Sublimation Displacement Denial Compensation

9. Structure of Personality Id (Pleasure Principle) Eros (life instinct), Libido Thanatos (death instinct) Ego (Reality Principle) defense mechanisms Superego (Moralistic Principle) cultural prescriptions, taboos

10. Ego’s Tyrannical Masters Outside World Id Superego

11. Freud’s Conception of the Personality Structure

12. Psychosexual Stages Oral Stage: Mouth object of pleasure. can’t be neglected or overindulged. Anal Stage: Anus object of pleasure. Ego develops to cope with socially appropriate behavior. Toilet training

13. Phallic Stage: Genitals region object of pleasure. Boys experience Oedipus complex Little Hans Girls experience Penis Envy Seduction Theory Latency Period: Sexual impulses stay in background. Psychosexual Stages

14. Genital Stage: Sexual impulses reappear at conscious level; genitals again focus of sexual pleasure. Psychosexual Stages

15. Assessing the Unconscious  Projective Tests  Ambiguous stimuli  Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)  personality revealed through stories created  Rorschach Inkblot  see meaning in pictures  Somewhat reliable, not completely junk science

16. TAT

17. Rorschach Inkblot Test

18. Neo-Freudians  Alfred Adler  importance of childhood social tension  Karen Horney  sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases  Carl Jung  emphasized the collective unconscious  shared, inherited reservoir of our species’ history  introversion/extraversion

19. Positives Freud’s contributions: first comprehensive theory talk therapies defensive mechanisms new methods (projective tests)

20. Freud Negatives Based almost entirely on a cases studies Victorian cultural values (seduction theory) distorted by personal biases too sexualized Untestable

21. The Trait Approach

22. Assumptions of Trait Approach relatively stable over time relatively stable across situations individual differences biologically based

23. Two Personality Profiles

24. Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions

25. Are There “Basic” Traits? What trait “ dimensions ” describe personality? Eysenck’s (1965) genetically determined dimensions Expanded set of factors “The Big 5” Extraversion/Introversion Emotional Stability/Instability 1980s

26. The Big Five Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Agreeableness Conscientiousness Anxious/Calm Insecure/Secure Sociable/Retiring Fun Loving/Sober Imaginative/Practical Independent/Conforming Soft-Hearted/Ruthless Trusting/Suspicious Organized/Disorganized Careful/Careless

27. How Big 5 Discovered? Adjective Checklist Cattell’s 16 PF Step 1: Give people long list of adjectives (loner, bright, dominant, shrewd, open, tense, cool) Step 2: See if certain personality characteristics “cluster together” Step 3: Check for agreement (friend’s rating, behavior) Step 4: Crosscultural?

28. Martin Luther King (16 PF) Dominant Aggressive Assertive Stubborn competitive Bossy Apprehensive Self-blaming Guilt Prone Insecure Worrying HighAverage Dominant vs. DeferentialApprehensive vs. Self-assured

29. Big 5 (1980s) studies repeated with more powerful clustering methods and more adjectives identified Big 5 cross-cultural relevance high

30. Are Personality Traits Inherited? personality is partly biologically determined. biological factors interact with environmental factors to produce specific personality features.

31. Heritability Openness: 57% Extraversion: 54% Conscientiousness: 49% Neuroticism: 48% Agreeableness: 42%

33. Evaluating the Trait Approach better at describing than explaining how trigger behavior? how do traits combine to form a complex and dynamic individual? how about other traits? authoritarianism perfectionism etc.