1. Psychoanalytic Perspective
“first comprehensive theory of personality”
University of Vienna 1873
Voracious Reader
Medical School Graduate
( )
Specialized in Nervous
Disorders
Some patients’ disorders
had no physical cause!

2. Psychoanalytic Perspective
“first comprehensive theory of personality”
Q: What caused neurological
symptoms in patients with no
neurological problems?
Hypnosis
Unconscious
Free
Association
“Psychoanalysis”

3. The Unconscious “the mind is like an iceburg - mostly hidden”
Conscious Awareness
small part above surface
(Preconscious)
Unconscious
below the surface
(thoughts, feelings,
wishes, memories)
Repression
banishing unacceptable
thoughts & passions to
unconscious
Dreams & Slips

4. Freud & Personality Structure
“Personality arises from conflict twixt agressive,
pleasure-seeking impulses and social restraints”
Satisfaction
without the guilt?
Ego
Super Id

5. Freud & Personality Structure
Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways
Reality Principle
Ego
Super Id
Super Ego
- voice of conscience
that focuses on how
we ought to behave

6. Freud & Personality Development
“personality forms during the first few years of life,
rooted in unresolved conflicts of early childhood”
Psychosexual Stages
Oral (0-18 mos) - centered on the mouth
Anal (18-36 mos) - focus on bowel/bladder elim.
Phallic (3-6 yrs) - focus on genitals/“Oedipus Complex”
(Identification & Gender Identity)
Latency (6-puberty) - sexuality is dormant
Genital (puberty on) - sexual feelings toward others
Strong conflict can fixate an individual at Stages 1,2 or 3

7. FREUD AND THE FREUDIANS
SIGMUND FREUD

8. PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY SEX: LIBIDO: EROGENOUS ZONE:
Something That Brings Bodily Pleasure (Not only genital)
LIBIDO:
Sexual Energy
EROGENOUS ZONE:
An Area Of The Body On Which Sexual Energy Is Concentrated (An area of the body that brings pleasure)

9. FREUDIAN CONCEPTS SUPEREGO EGO ID PERSONALITY CONSTRUCTS
STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
GENITAL
LATENCY
PHALLIC (OEDIPAL)
ANAL
ORAL
SUPEREGO
EGO ID

10. FREUDIAN ASSUMPTIONS Are people active or passive? Passive??
What is the relationship between learning and development?
How do people change?
Maturational
What motivates people?
ID—pleasure principle

11. How important is behavior?
We know nothing from behavior. We need to understand what motivates the behavior.
How important is thinking?
Conflict free sphere of the ego.
7. How important are emotions?
Vitally Important. The theory is one of emotional developmental.

12. STAGE CHARACTERISTICS
Each stage is named for the area of the body on which sexual energy (libido) is centered during that stage.
The stages are sequential, but they are NOT hierarchical.
Regression to and fixation at a stage can occur.

13. contains no logic or rational thoughts, just DESIRESID
is innate
is motivated by pleasure
is the source of libidinal energy
contains basic drives: hunger, thirst
aggression, anger, destruction
contains no logic or rational thoughts, just DESIRES

14. EGO Develops as the Id comes into contact with reality
Governed by the reality principle
uses reasoning in order to come to conclusions
serves as a check on the Id--delays actions until they are “reasonable.”

15. SUPEREGO Conscience Ego Ideal
Develops as a result of internalizing parental standards and values
Has two aspects:
Conscience
Ego Ideal

16. CONSCIENCE (SUPEREGO)
Tells us what NOT to do and punishes us if we do something wrong by making us have feelings of...
GUILT

17. EGO IDEAL (SUPEREGO)
Tells us what to do. It is the POSITIVE aspect of the superego.
Provides goals for life
Is the source of ideals

18. Defense Mechanisms When the inner war gets out of hand, the
Ego Id
When the inner war
gets out of hand, the
result is Anxiety
Ego protects itself via
Defense Mechanisms
Super
Ego
Defense Mechanisms reduce/redirect
anxiety by distorting reality

19. Defense Mechanisms
Repression - banishes certain thoughts/feelings from consciousness (underlies all other defense
mechanisms)
Regression - retreating to earlier stage of fixated
development
Reaction Formation - ego makes unacceptable impulses appear as their opposites
Projection - attributes threatening impulses to others
Rationalization - generate self-justifying explanations to hide the real reasons for our actions
Displacement - divert impulses toward a more
acceptable object
Sublimation - transform unacceptable impulse into
something socially valued

20. The Humanistic Perspective
Maslow’s
Self-Actualizing
Person
Roger’s
Person-Centered
Perspective
“Healthy” rather than “Sick”
Individual as greater than the sum of test scores

21. Maslow & Self-Actualization
the process of fufilling our potential
Physiological
Safety
Love Needs
Esteem
Studied healthy, creative people
Abe Lincoln, Tom Jefferson &
Eleanor Roosevelt
Self-Aware & Self-Accepting
Open & Spontaneous
Loving & Caring
Problem-Centered not Self-Centered

22. Roger’s Person-Centered Perspective
People are basically good
with actualizing tendencies.
Given the right environmental
conditions, we will develop
to our full potentials
Genuineness, Acceptance, Empathy
Self Concept - central feature
of personality (+ or -)

23. Personal Control Internal Locus of Control
You pretty much control your own destiny
External Locus of Control
Luck, fate and/or powerful others control your destiny
Methods of Study
Correlate feelings of control with behavior
Experiment by raising/lowering people’s sense of
control and noting effects