1. Mother and Child Health: Research Methods G.J.Ebrahim Editor Journal of Tropical Pediatrics, Oxford University Press.

2. Normality and Abnormality - I In parameters with a Gausian distribution –+ 2 Standard Deviations or –+ 3 Standard Deviation may be arbitrarily considered abnormal

3. Normality and Abnormality - II Labeling as abnormal those findings which are regularly associated with disease e.g. blood pressure > 140 / 90 mm. Hg.

4. Normality and Abnormality - III Calling a measurement abnormal if treatment is proven beneficial e.g. high blood cholesterol level

5. Diagnostic Tests Sensitivity Specificity Positive and Negative Predictive Values of tests

6. Diagnostic Tests - II Do test results in patients differ from those in normal individuals? Are patients with certain levels of results more likely to have the target disease? Do test results distinguish patients with and without the disease among those clinically thought to have it? Do patients undergoing the diagnostic test do better than similar untested patients?

7. The Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve

8. Meta - Analysis The process of making an objective and systematic analysis of information from all the randomised controlled trials

9. Clinical Expertise Factors Influencing Practice of Evidence – Based Medicine Patient’s Clinical State Patient’s Preferences Research Evidence Clinical expertise

10. Screening Tests Screening tests are different from diagnostic tests in being performed essentially on normal persons Prevalence of the disorder being screened for is important since in low prevalence settings even excellent tests perform poorly.