1. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH Key figures: Freud, Jung, Adler, Horney Personality is…it arises from a conflict between our aggressive pleasure seeking biological impulses & the internalized social restraints against them. It is a way of expressing impulses that brings satisfaction w/o guilt or punishment. Assessments: Freudian treatment approaches: dream analysis, hypnosis, free association Projective tests: TAT: Thematic Apperception Test Rorschach inkblot test Weakness: too subjective, potentially not reliable and/or valid

2. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APROACH Strengths: Importance of childhood Power of the unconscious Struggle with inner conflicts Provided building blocks Weaknesses: Development a lifelong process not just childhood Underestimate peer influence Superiority of men belief Dream theories Repression myth? Defining the unconscious (not as big as thought) Lack of scientific methodology

3. ICEBURG ANALOGY OF THE MIND

4. FREUD’S COMPONENTS OF PERSONALITY 1. Id – “pleasure principle” unconscious impulses that want to be gratified, without regard to potential punishment….YOUR INNER CHILD 2. Ego “reality principle” – moderates between the id and superego…YOU IN THE MIDDLE 3. Superego – the “moral principle” of our personality which tells us right from wrong our conscience…YOUR INNER PARENT

5. PSYCHOANALYTICAL APPROACH TERMS TO KNOW: Defense mechanisms: Repression, regression, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement, & sublimation Freud’s stages of psychosexual development: oral, anal, phallic, latency, & genital

6. Trait Theory Personality is…identifiable and measurable behavior patterns to be described, labeled & categorized. The Greeks had 4: melancholic, sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric Key figures: Allport, Myers & Briggs, Eysenck, Costa & McCrae Assessment Children: shy-inhibited or fearless-uninhibited Type A or Type B Body types: endomorph, mesomorph, ectomorph Myers-Briggs: thinking- feeling (Keirsey test is a version of this) MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasice Personality Inventory…business, jobs, etc. Eysenck: introvert/extrovert stable/unstable Costa & McCrae: The Big 5: OCEAN (openness, conscientiousness, extroverted, agreeableness, neurotic)

7. Trait theory Strengths Objective tests Averaging our behaviors reveals distinct personality traits Individual differences are typically easily perceived. Weaknesses Self reports are ok, but peer reports seem better Person-situation controversy: do personality trait persist over time & across situations or do situations influence us more than we like to admit? Personality scores do not strongly predict behaviors…again situational influences

8. Humanistic theory Personality is…our sense of self and should be viewed through the eyes of the subject not the researcher. Key figures: Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers Assessment Sometimes subjective sometimes objective The ideal vs. the actual self (when equitable, it is considered a + self- concept)

9. Humanistic theory Strengths The importance of the self Significant influence on counseling, education, parenting, management Emphasis on the individual reinforces Western values Weaknesses Is self-esteem a cause of personality or an effect of events? (self esteem is the core concept of this approach) Self-serving bias: the tendency to perceive ourselves more favorably; adaptively, a good thing Vague & subjective Too much focus on the self? Naively optimistic? What about evil?

10. Social-Cognitive Perspective Personality is…a result of external events and how we interpret them. Key players: Alfred Bandura (Bobo doll) Reciprocal determinism: process of interacting w/ our environment Assessment Correlation & experimentation… putting people in situations and measuring their behaviors Predictive power in past behavior patterns or simulated situations

11. Social-Cognitive Perspective Do you feel the world is run by a few powerful people? Do you feel that getting a good job depends mainly on being at the right place at the right time? Do you feel that success and luck go hand in hand? If so, you tend to have an external locus of control.

12. Social-Cognitive Perspective Do you strongly believe that what happens to you is of your own doing? Do you believe that the average person can influence government decisions? Do you believe being successful is a matter of hard work? If so, you tend to have an internal locus of control. A sense of control is a human necessity or one may likely suffer from learned helplessness.

13. Culture’s influence Individualistic societies: ME Give priority to one’s own goals over the group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Typical of American, Western European, Australian & New Zealand cultures Join groups but not as focused on group harmony Collectivistic societies: WE Give priority to the goals of one’s group (often one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly Typical of Eastern cultures (China, Japan, SE Asia) Group harmony & connections to extended family are highly valued.

14. Social-Cognitive Perspective Strengths Notes the importance of the interaction of the person & situation Builds on research of learning & cognition Weaknesses Too much focus on the situation & not the individual’s traits Where is the “person” in personality?