1. Chapter 46 Emergency Response to Terrorism

2. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 2 Overview  Terrorism Defined  Emergency Response to Terrorism  Weapons of Mass Destruction  Contamination vs. Irradiation  Preparedness  Emergency Response

3. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 3 Terrorism Defined  An illegal act involving the use of force designed to intimidate the public  Domestic terrorists are US citizens who have a dispute with issues and policies of the US  International terrorists are citizens from other countries that have a dispute with the policies of the US

4. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 4 Oklahoma City: FEMA News PhotoNew York: Photo by Bri Rodriguez/FEMA News Photo

5. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 5 Stop and Review  What is meant by the term terrorism?  Differentiate between domestic and international terrorism.

6. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 6 Emergency Response to Terrorism  Preplanning and training are the first steps in being able to effectively respond to a terrorist attack  Awareness level training is the minimum level of training at which all emergency responders should be trained

7. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 7 Weapons of Mass Destruction  These are devices designed to kill or maim as many people as possible at one time  There are three classifications: –Nuclear –Biological –Chemical

8. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 8 Nuclear Weapons  Placement of an explosive device with depleted nuclear materials  Called dirty bombs or nuclear dispersion devices

9. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 9 Evidence of a NDD  Unusual debris (lead shielding)  Pieces of small metal containers  Dispersed powder or ceramic granules  Blue or purple glow from powder or metal  Unexplained heat from powder or metal

10. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 10 Nuclear Weapons  Other targets for nuclear attacks: –Fixed facilities that store nuclear materials –Trains, ships, or trucks that transport nuclear materials

11. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 11 Identifying Nuclear Materials  Transported in a cask  Marked with a red or black trefoil in a white or yellow triangle

12. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 12 Protection against Nuclear Materials  Time, distance, shielding  Geiger counter  Radiation pager

13. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 13 Contamination vs. Irradiation  When irradiated, you can become ill but you are not still contaminated; you only suffer from the injury related to the dose of radiation  When contaminated, you still are giving off radiation and can continue to contaminate others around you

14. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 14 Biological Weapons  There are three classes of weapons: –Bacterial agents –Viral agents –Biological toxins Courtesy of the Centers for Disease Control Public Health Image Library.

15. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 15 Bacterial Agents  Anthrax –Is resistant to typical means of disinfection –Can be aerosolized and spread through the air –Can remain infectious in soil or water for many years –Symptoms include: fever, fatigue, cough, chest discomfort progressing to severe respiratory distress

16. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 16 Bacterial Agents  Plague –Weaponized into an aerosolized form –Highly contagious –Symptoms include flu-like symptoms which progress to respiratory distress and further to cardiovascular and respiratory collapse

17. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 17 Bacterial Agents  Glanders –Spread from animals to humans –Contracted through inhalation –Symptoms include chills, cold sweats, headache, progressing to acute systemic infection and septic shock

18. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 18 Viral Agents  Smallpox –Lack of current immunizations makes this a biological threat –Symptoms include rash concentrated on the face and extremities –Treatment is solely supportive

19. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 19 Viral Agents  Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) –Ebola is the most common –Spread via contact and airborne contagions –Symptoms include flushing face and chest, fever, petechiae

20. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 20 Biological Toxins  Harmful substances created by microorganisms –Botulinum –Ricin

21. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 21 Chemical Weapons  Five classifications: –Nerve agents –Blister agents –Blood agents –Choking agents –Irritating agents

22. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 22 Nerve Agents  Stem from pesticides (organophosphates)  SLUDGEM represents the classic symptom pattern  Additional symptoms are pinpoint pupils, blurry vision, involuntary muscle twitching, chest pressure

23. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 23 Blister Agents  Generally not fatal; used to incapacitate large numbers of people  Symptoms include reddened skin that becomes covered with blisters  Can rub off clothing  Mustard gas, lewisite

24. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 24 Blood Agents  Cyanide –Interferes with the ability of blood to use oxygen –Colorless gas with a faint almond smell –Symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, headaches

25. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 25 Choking Agents  Cause severe respiratory distress and asphyxia  Chlorine gas, phosgene gas  Symptoms include burning in the eyes, coughing fits, choking

26. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 26 Irritating Agents  Generally not lethal  Tear gas, riot gas, pepper spray  Symptoms include coughing, choking, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting

27. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 27 Preparedness  Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) –Hazard analysis –Resource list –Facilities list –Collaboration with law enforcement is important  Federal Response Plan (FRP)

28. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 28 Preparedness  LACES is mnemonic for remembering the keys to scene safety –Look-out –Awareness –Communications –Escape route –Safety zones

29. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 29 Emergency Response  Survey Scene –Identify the hazards –Activate the plan –Call additional resources –Be aware of people around scene upon arrival

30. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 30 Emergency Response  Air monitoring and detection devices –Geiger counter –Dosimeter –Ionizing detection units –Colorimetric sampling device

31. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 31 Emergency Response  Self-protection –Time –Distance –Shielding

32. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 32 Emergency Response  Threat reduction –TRACEM is a mnemonic that helps remember the hazards to look for Thermal Radiation Asphyxiants Chemicals Etiologic Mechanical

33. © 2005 by Thomson Delmar Learning,a part of The Thomson Corporation. All Rights Reserved 33 Stop and Review  What is an emergency operations plan?  Name potential signs of a terrorist attack.  Describe the principles of self-protection in the event of a terrorist attack.