1. Biology Journal 8/27/2015
The DNA of a prokaryote is called “naked.” Why is that? What’s different about the DNA of a eukaryote and a prokaryote?

2. Unit 1: Cell Biology Review Questions

3. What kinds of cells make up…
A human
A bacteria
An ant
E. coli
A bananna
Eukaryote
Prokaryote

4. What kinds of cells would have…
A chloroplast
70s Ribosomes
A plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Reproduce by binary fission
Cell wall (any kind)
Plant cell
Prokaryote (bacteria)
Every kind of cell!
Every eukaryote
Prokaryote, Plant cell, fungi cell

5. Make a drawing of a prokaryote cell and label the following structures: cell wall, pili, flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. .

6. Cell Membrane Nucleoid Flagella Cytoplasm Cell Wall Pili 70S Ribosomes
Made out of phospholipids; controls what enters and leaves cell
Nucleoid
Region where naked DNA can be found; may have plasmids (loops of “extra” DNA, which can introduce new genes)
Flagella
Whip like; allows the cell to move
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
Cell Wall
Made out of peptidoglycan (mesh of amino acids and sugars)
Pili
Allows cells to connect and exchange DNA (sexual reproduction)
70S Ribosomes
make protein

7. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Make a drawing of a eukaryotic plant cell and label the following structures: plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuole, and cell wall.
Plasma membrane
Mitochondria
Free 80S ribosomes
Lysosomes
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Golgi apparatus
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

8. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Nucleus
DNA in a membrane
Mitochondria
Makes energy by doing cellular respiration
Vacuole
Large compartment for storage of water or other molecules
80S Ribosomes
They make protein; sometimes attached to ER
Cytoplasm
Jelly-like substance
Chloroplast
Makes glucose by doing photosynthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Transports molecules; can have ribosomes attached (rough) or none (smooth)
Cell Wall
In plant cells, it is made out of cellulose (a carbohydrate)
In fungi, it is made out of chitin (a carbohydrate)
Animal cells don’t have one
Golgi Complex
Makes vesicles for molecules to enter or leave the cell

9. Explain why there is a limit to the size of a cell.
Cells are limited by a surface-to-volume ratio. This is because all areas of the cell need to be close enough to the surface area to efficiently exchange nutrients and wastes. Thus, cells must stay small to survive.

10. What is a stem cell?
Describe how they might be useful in the treatment of a particular disease.
A stem cell is a cell that has the ability to differentiate, becoming other types of cells in the body. They can replace any damaged tissues in the body.
Replace retina tissue to cure failing sight (Stargardt’s disease)
Replace damaged heart tissue from a heart attack
Replace killed bone marrow (leukemia)

11. A cell is 10 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide
A cell is 10 µm across. A student draws it as 250mm wide. What is the magnification?
You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps!
Measured length
Actual size =
Magnification
250 mm
250,000 µm
Solve for x
10 µm =
10 µm = x x
25,000 times magnified
X= 25000
Convert to the same units before you divide!
1000 µm
250 mm x
= 250,000 µm
1 mm

12. Mitochondria and Chloroplasts!
What 2 organelles are believed to have originated as a result of the Endosymbiotic Theory?
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts!

13. Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell2 1 3 7 6 4 5

14. 5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Identify the structures in this false-colored microscopic image of a human liver cell
2. Mitochondria
3. Ribosomes
(free)
1. Cytoplasm
7. Plasma
membrane
6. Lysosome
4. Nucleus
5. Endoplasmic Reticulum
(rough)

15. Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images3 1 4 5 6 2

16. Identify the structures in these false-colored microscopic images
3. Cell membrane
4. Cytoplasm
(the darker spheres are ribosomes)
1. Cell wall
5. Pili
6. Flagella
2. Nucleoid region
(where DNA is located)

17. 40 x 10 = 400 times magnification
A microscope has the objective lenses of 4x, 10x, and 40x. The ocular eye piece has a magnification of 10x. What is the maximum magnification of this microscope?
40 x 10 = 400 times magnification
Here is a human hair magnified 400 times.

18. What could be 3 pieces of evidence that support the endosymbiotic theory?
Mitochondria / chloroplasts have…
a double membrane
Their own DNA and ribosomes
Are the same size and bacteria
Reproduce via binary fission when their cell divides

19. It’s a plant cell. (it’s also a eukaryote because it has organelles)
What kind of cell is this? What are 3 reasons you know that?
It’s a plant cell. (it’s also a eukaryote because it has organelles)
It has a large vacuole
It has chloroplasts
It has a cell wall

20. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes

21. Eukaryotes Both Prokaryotes
Compare and contrast eukaryotes and prokaryotes in a Venn diagram.
Eukaryotes
Both
Prokaryotes
Large and more complex
Have a cell membrane and cytoplasm
Small and simple
Has a nucleus and organelles
Reproduce through asexual cell division
Lacks a nucleus and lacks organelles
DNA is linear and in many pieces (chromosomes)
Have ribosomes (but they are different)
DNA is circular and in one piece (usually)
Cells divide through mitosis
Cells divide through binary fission
Have 80s ribosomes
Have 70s ribosomes
Attaches and transfers DNA through pili

22. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram.
Both
Animal

23. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells in a Venn diagram.
Both
Animal
Have chloroplasts
Are eukaryotes
Often are high in lysosomes
Has a plant cell wall
Have other organelles in common (mitochondria, ER, golgi bodies…)
Can have great ability to move
Has a large vacuole
Are similar in size
No / very limited ability to move
Cells asexually reproduce through mitosis

24. A sperm cell has a tail that is 50µm long. A student draws it as 75mm
A sperm cell has a tail that is 50µm long. A student draws it as 75mm. What is the magnification?
You don’t have to draw it, but you can if that helps!
Measured length
Actual size =
Magnification
75 mm
75000 µm
Solve for x
50 µm =
50 µm = x x
1500 x magnified
X= 1500
Convert to the same units before you divide!
1000 µm
75 mm x
= µm
1 mm

25. 1. Which focus knob should you use under the low magnification objective lens?
Coarse focus knob (it changes the focus a lot)
2. The image appears too dark. What should you do?
The diaphragm controls how much light passes through the slide
3. The image appears too dark. What should you do?
The diaphragm controls how much light passes through the slide. Also, make sure the light is on!