1. Dave Bloom Museum of Vertebrate Zoology University of California, Berkeley Georeferencing Introduction: Collaboration to Automation

2. Georeferencing Collaborations Automation

3. Georeferencing Collaborations Automation

4. What is a georeference?

5. A numerical description of a place that can be mapped. What is a georeference?

6. A numerical description of a place that can be mapped. What is a georeference? In other words…

7. IDSpeciesLocality 1Lynx rufusDawson Rd. N Whitehorse 2Pudu pudacerca de Valdivia 3Canis lupus20 mi NW Duluth 9Ursus arctosBear Flat, Haines Junction 4Felis concolorPichi Trafúl 5Lama alpacanear Cuzco 6Panthera leoSan Diego Zoo 7Sorex lyelliLyell Canyon, Yosemite 8Orcinus orca1 mi W San Juan Island What we have: Localities we can read

8. Darwin Core Location Terms –higherGeography –waterbody, island, islandGroup –continent, country, countryCode, stateProvince, county, municipality –locality –minimumElevationInMeters, maximumElevationInMeters, minimumDepthInMeters, maximumDepthInMeters

9. What we want: Localities we can map

10. Darwin Core Georeference Terms –decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude –geodeticDatum –coordinateUncertaintyInMeters –georeferencedBy, georeferenceProtocol –georeferenceSources –georeferenceVerificationStatus –georeferenceRemarks –coordinatePrecision –pointRadiusSpatialFit –footprintWKT, footprintSRS, footprintSpatialFit

11. What is a georeference? A numerical description of a place that can be mapped.

12. “ Davis, Yolo County, California ” “ point method ” Coordinates: 38.5463 -121.7425 Horizontal Geodetic Datum: NAD27

13. Data Quality data have the potential to be used in ways unforeseen when collected. the value of the data is directly related to the fitness for a variety of uses. “ as data become more accessible many more uses become apparent. ” – Chapman 2005 the GBIF Best Practices (Chapman and Wieczorek 2006) promote data quality and fitness for use.

14. What is an acceptable georeference? A numerical description of a place that can be mapped and that describes the spatial extent of a locality and its associated uncertainties.

15. “ Davis, Yolo County, California ” “ bounding-box method ” Coordinates: 38.5486 -121.7542 38.545 -121.7394 Horizontal Geodetic Datum: NAD27

16. “ Davis, Yolo County, California ” “ point-radius method ” Coordinates: 38.5468 -121.7469 Horizontal Geodetic Datum: NAD27 Maximum Uncertainty: 8325 m

17. What is an ideal georeference? A numerical description of a place that can be mapped and that describes the spatial extent of a locality and its associated uncertainties as well as possible.

18. “ Davis, Yolo County, California ” “ shape method ”

19. “ 20 mi E Hayfork, California ” “ probability method ”

20. pointeasy to produce no data quality bounding-boxsimple spatial queries difficult quality assessment point-radiuseasy quality assessment difficult spatial queries shapeaccurate representation complex, uniform Method Comparison probabilityaccurate representation complex, non-uniform

21. MaNIS/HerpNET/ORNIS (MHO) Guidelines http://manisnet.org/GeorefGuide.html http://manisnet.org/GeorefGuide.html uses point-radius representation of georeferences circle encompasses all sources of uncertainty about the location methodology formalizes assumptions, algorithms, and documentation standards that promote reproducible results methods are universally applicable

22. Darwin Core Georeference Terms –decimalLatitude, decimalLongitude –geodeticDatum –coordinateUncertaintyInMeters –georeferencedBy, georeferenceProtocol –georeferenceSources –georeferenceVerificationStatus –georeferenceRemarks –coordinatePrecision –pointRadiusSpatialFit –footprintWKT, footprintSRS, footprintSpatialFit

23. Georeferencing Collaborations Automation

24. Collaborative Distributed Databases for Vertebrates

25. Collaborations

26. MaNIS Localities Georeferenced n = 326k localities (1.4M specimens) r = 14 localities/hr (point-radius method) t = 3 yrs (~40 georeferencers)

27. ORNIS Localities Georeferenced n = 267k localities (1.4M specimens) r = 30 localities/hr (point-radius method) t = 2 yrs (~30 georeferencers)

28. Scope of the Problem for Natural History Collections ~2.5x10 9 records

29. Scope of the Problem for Natural History Collections ~6 records per locality* ~14 localities per hour* * based on the MaNIS Project ~2.5x10 9 records

30. Scope of the Problem for Natural History Collections ~6 records per locality* ~14 localities per hour* ~15,500 years * based on the MaNIS Project ~2.5x10 9 records

31. Scope of the Problem for Natural History Collections ~6 records per locality* ~14 (30) localities per hour* ~15,500 (7233) years * based on the MaNIS (ORNIS) Project ~2.5x10 9 records

32. Georeferencing Collaborations Automation

33. Combining the Best in Georeferencing GeoLocate GADM MaNIS Georeferencing Calculator

34. GADM Global Administrative Boundaries:

35. http://www.museum.tulane.edu/geolocate

36. Georeferencing Calculator: