1. Muscle Action, Recruitment, and Energy Sources

2. Muscle Activation ► Caused by message from brain ► Message sent along motor neuron (nerve cell attached to muscle) ► M.n. ends in synaptic cleft

3. Synapse ► Synaptic cleft terminates in sarcolemma (outside of muscle cell) ► Releases acetylcholine, which causes sarcolemma to release Ca + ions into muscle cell ► Begins muscle contraction

4. Action Potential ► Influx of Ca + ions causes an electrical current called action potential ► Once sarcolemma is activated, begins chain reaction along entire muscle cell

5. Remember ► Each muscle is composed of hundreds of muscle cells stacked into a bundle ► So far we have only activated ONE muscle fiber ► When a single muscle fiber is activated, it is an “all-or-nothing” response

6. Muscle recruitment ► If more force is needed, nerve will activate more muscle fibers in the fascicle (muscle recruitment)

7. Another way to provide more force ► Nerve can also increase rate of stimulation, causing muscle to contract faster ► Can reach complete tetanus (full contraction with no relaxation)

8. Other forms of contraction ► Twitch- short, weak signal causes brief contraction ► Summation- contraction rate increases (no complete relaxation) ► Incomplete tetanus – faster rate; contractions closer together

9. Complete Tetanus ► Continuous contraction with no relaxation ► Evident in isometric exercise ► Also happens as a result of some diseases and infections  Rabies  C. tetani

10. In review ► Two ways to increase force  Recruit more muscles  Increase rate of contraction

11. Energy for Contraction ► 3 possibilities  1) Aerobic respiration  2)Lactic acid fermentation  3)Direct phosphorylation (fastest, but only lasts about 20 seconds)

12. Direct Phosphorylation ► ADP encounters Creatine Phosphate (CP) ► Takes phosphate molecule to form ATP, leaves creatine ► CP only present in muscle cells