1. Energy in a Cell Ch 9 V. Hassell

2. Energy in a Cell Work is done in the body as it moves and functions. It requires energy to do so. While food provides the raw material, it must be broken down into simpler substances like glucose to be used.

3. The form of energy the cells use is called ATP. The breakdown of glucose in the cycles produces the A TP the body needs. (Wood, oil and solar energy all are sources of energy, but appliances must have them converted into electricity to use it).

4. ATP- Adenosine Tri-phosphate is made up of 1 adenine molecule 1 ribose sugar and 3 phosphates. The energy it provides is from the breaking of the phosphate bonds.

5. ATP is like a charged battery which supplies the cells energy- The energy is released when it is broken down & releases a phosphate

6. ADP is formed- like a dead battery which can be recharged with additional energy and replacing the phosphate ADP + energy (sunlight) + 1 phosphate -produces ATP

7. Light reactions- Photosynthesis Autotrophs- using chlorophyll, captures sunlight and produce glucose (carbohydrates, fatty acids & cellulose) in the process of photosynthesis Chlorophyll appears green because it reflects green and yellow light. There are many types/colors of pigments- absorb other colors of light

8. Photosynthesis Carbon dioxide + water produces glucose + oxygen Chlorophyll + sunlight are needed. Light reaction- Light energy is converted to chemical energy. Water molecules are split providing hydrogen for the Calvin Cycle. Oxygen is given off as a by product

9. Calvin Cycle the synthesis part of photosynthesis Energy is absorbed by the chlorophyll molecule in the thylakoid. The passing along of this energy along a series of molecules is called the electron transport chain.

10. 1. Electron transport chains electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of A TP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule. http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B iology/Bio231/etc.htmlhttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/B iology/Bio231/etc.html

11. 1. Electron transport chains The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe The plant produces A TP, NADPH + H

12. Photolysis- water is split during photosynthesis.

13. 2. The Calvin Cycle Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule. It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things 2. The Calvin Cycle 2. The Calvin Cycle http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Bi ology/Bio231/calvin.html 2. The Calvin Cyclehttp://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Bi ology/Bio231/calvin.html 2. The Calvin Cycle

14. Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- ( carbohydrates, starch & cellulose)

15. 2. The Calvin Cycle These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

16. Life without Light Chemosynthesis- autotrophs obtains energy from inorganic compounds without light. Do not need oxygen- Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4) Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage

17. Section 3 -Getting Energy to Make ATP Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -sometimes) can be used as energy sources Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP

18. Section 3 - Respiration Process where food is broken down to release energy. It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).

19. I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic 6 carbon glucose forms 2- 3 carbon pyruvic acids Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAn to form NADH NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

20. I. Glycolysis- Anaerobic It produces 2 ATP for each glucose which is broken down Takes place in cytoplasm

21. I. Glycolysis- with Oxygen Aerobic- uses oxygen - takes place in mitochondrion

22. Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid pyruvic Acid-3.carbon compound -changed to-acetic acid (2 carbons ) (The third carbon forms CO2) Acetic acid combines with coenzyme A-forming acetyl-CoA

23. 2. Citric Acid Cycle 2nd step of aerobic respiration produces more A TP & releases electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule

24. 2. Citric Acid Cycle Citric acid is broken down 1 st step- to a 5 carbon 2nd step- 4 carbon- releasing CO2 each step

25. 2. Citric Acid Cycle In both glycolysis & citric acid cycle some ATP is formed. 4th part of aerobic respiration

26. Electron Transport Chain electrons are trasferred- releasing energy. Electrons from both glycolysis & citric acid cycle used. Occurs on inner membranes of mitochondria

27. Electron Transport Chain Aerobic reaction because the last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water. If no oxygen is present the chain stops.

28. Energy without Oxygen 3. Fermentation- no oxygen No additional ATP is formed 2 types

29. Fermentation 1. lactic acid 2. alcohol fermentation

30. Fermentation 1. lactic acid fermentation- ~produces lactic acid occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue

31. Fermentation 2. alcohol fermentation many bacteria and fungi such as yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation with alcohol & carbon dioxide as the end products.

32. Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike involve energy requires enzymes occurs in specific organelles involves moving electrons in electron transport chains. Different- opposite

33. ATP: Energy in a Molecule Work-done whenever anything moves Body does work & requires energy Energy provided in the form of work

34. Body Energy Used to maintain homeostasis Cells need a form of energy called ATP which is produced from the breakdown of food Coal or gas can not produce energy for appliances. Appliances need electricity. Coal & gas are used to produce electricity.

35. High energy foods Sugars fats starches

36. ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate 1 adenine 3 phosphates 1 ribose sugar energy is released from breaking the phosphate bonds

37. ATP-> ADP + energy ATP is needed in a constant & abundant supply for cellular energy or the cell will die.

38. ATP-> ADP + energy a battery which has electricity to use and becomes discharged ADP + energy-> ATP ADP can become recharged with the addition on energy & ATP

39. Energy is stored when ATP is made from ADP + phosphate Energy is released when ATP breaks down to ADP + phosphate

40. Enzymes Carry out cell reactions build membranes build cell organelles

41. The more active the cell- the more ATP needed The more mitochondria will be in the cell ex. Bird wings/muscles would contain high or low levels of mitochondria?

42. Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction- the air you breathe

43. Section 10. 2 Light reactions- Photosynthesis V. Hassell

44. 1. Electron transport chain -as electrons pass down the chain the energy is stored in the bonds of ATP- The energy is from light & the chlorophyll molecule

45. 1. Electron transport chain photosynthesis. The hydrogen and a freed electron is picked up by NADP –The oxygen is a waste product from the reaction-the air you breathe The plant produces ATP, NADPH + H

46. 2. The Calvin Cycle Carbon fixation- a carbon atom of carbon dioxide is fixed (attached) to a 5 carbon molecule.

47. 2. The Calvin Cycle It takes CO2 from the air and converts it to a form that can be used by living things. Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts

48. 2. The Calvin Cycle Carbon dioxide combines with hydrogen to form sugars- (carbohydrates, starch & cellulose) These are used to provide energy to plants & animals when the carbohydrates are broken down to release energy.

49. Life without Light Chemosynthesis- an autotroph obtains energy from inorganic compounds without the use of light. Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen Converts carbon dioxide and Hydrogen gas to methane (CH4)

50. Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage Bacteria-some methane producing bacteria (prokayotes) –Found in marshes, lake sediments, digestive tracts of ruminants (cows) Also occurs near cracks in ocean floor in Pacific Ocean.

51. Section 3 Getting Energy to Make ATP Energy from glucose is used to attach phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids -sometimes ) can be used as energy sources

52. Respiration Process where food is broken down to release energy. It can be aerobic (needs oxygen) or anaerobic (no oxygen needed).

53. Glycolysis Anaerobic-6 carbon glucose forms 2- 3 carbon pyruvic acids Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAD to form NADH NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

54. Glycolysis It produces 2 ATP for each glucose which is broken down Takes place in cytoplasm

55. Releasing Energy with Oxygen Aerobic- uses oxygen- takes place in mitochondrion Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid

56. Releasing Energy with Oxygen Pyruvic Acid-3-carbon compound –changed to—acetic acid (2 carbons) (The third carbon forms CO2) Acetic acid combines with coenzyme A—forming acetyl-CoA

57. Citric Acid Cycle 2 nd step of aerobic respiration produces more ATP & releases electrons which are picked up by NAD & FAD Acetyl-CoA combines with 4 Carbon molecules to form a 6 carbon molecule

58. Citric Acid Cycle Citric acid is broken down 1 st step- to a 5 carbon 2 nd step- 4 carbon-releasing CO2 each step

59. In both glycolysis & citric acid cycle some ATP is formed

60. 4 th part of aerobic respiration Electron Transport Chain electrons are trasfered, releasing energy. Electrons from both glycolysis & citric acid cycle used. Occurs on inner membranes of mitochondria

61. 4 th part of aerobic respiration Aerobic reaction because the last electron acceptor is oxygen which then forms water. If no oxygen is present the chain stops.

62. Energy without Oxygen Fermentation- no oxygen No additional ATP is formed

63. 2 types lactic acid fermentation - -produces lactic acid alcohol fermentation

64. lactic acid fermentation -produces lactic acid occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue

65. alcohol fermentation many bacteria and fungi such as yeast carry out alcoholic fermentation with alcohol and carbon dioxide as the end products.

66. Photosynthesis & Respiration are alike involve energy requires enzymes occurs in specific organelles involves moving electrons in electron transport chains. Different- opposite

67. Takes place in stroma (thylakoids) of the chloroplasts Life without Light –Do not need oxygen- may be poisoned by oxygen

68. Important in decomposition process Breaks downs sewage Found in marshes, lake sediments, digestive tracts of ruminants (cows) Glucose, (fatty acids and amino acids - sometimes ) can be used as energy sources

69. Important in decomposition process Respiration Hydrogen ions & electrons combine with NAD to form NADH NADH- coenzyme used in photosynthesis

70. Releasing Energy with Oxygen »Breakdown of Pyruvic Acid –occurs when the cells use more energy than can be supplied- it causes muscle fatigue, » Different- opposite