1. Chronology of Boxed Section March 1936Rhineland  July 1936 - 39 Spain  March 1938Anschluss  October 1938Munich  1920s – 1939Overview (8 marker)  Issues:Factors shaping Government reaction to events i.e. the use of appeasement -political - economic - military -public opinion - dilemmas (public and private concerns of the government at the time which influenced how they dealt with issues at the time Chronology of Boxed Section March 1936Rhineland  July 1936 - 39 Spain  March 1938Anschluss  October 1938Munich  1920s – 1939Overview (8 marker)  Issues:Factors shaping Government reaction to events i.e. the use of appeasement -political - economic - military -public opinion - dilemmas (public and private concerns of the government at the time which influenced how they dealt with issues at the time

2. Source A: extract from the diaries of Harold Nicholson - 11th March 1936 The French know that the invasion of the demilitarised zone was only decided on against the advice of the German general staff and the Foreign Office, and therefore they feel that if we show firmness we may discredit Hitler with his own people. On the other hand, if we do nothing, then finally the League and collective security will cease to have any meaning. All this is indisputable, but what is also indisputable is that the country will not allow us to take drastic action in what they regard as a purely French interest... Source A: extract from the diaries of Harold Nicholson - 11th March 1936 The French know that the invasion of the demilitarised zone was only decided on against the advice of the German general staff and the Foreign Office, and therefore they feel that if we show firmness we may discredit Hitler with his own people. On the other hand, if we do nothing, then finally the League and collective security will cease to have any meaning. All this is indisputable, but what is also indisputable is that the country will not allow us to take drastic action in what they regard as a purely French interest... Source D: extract from a speech by Neville Chamberlain in the House of Commons, 3rd October 1938. The real triumph is that it has shown the representatives of four great powers can find it possible to agree on a way of carrying out a difficult and delicate operation by discussion instead of force of arms. Ever since I assumed my present office my main purpose has been to work for the pacification of Europe, for the removal of those suspicions and those animosities which have so long poisoned the air. The path which leads to appeasement is long and bristles with obstacles. The question of Czechoslovakia is the latest and perhaps the most dangerous. Now that we have got past it, I feel that it may be possible to make further progress along the road to sanity. Source D: extract from a speech by Neville Chamberlain in the House of Commons, 3rd October 1938. The real triumph is that it has shown the representatives of four great powers can find it possible to agree on a way of carrying out a difficult and delicate operation by discussion instead of force of arms. Ever since I assumed my present office my main purpose has been to work for the pacification of Europe, for the removal of those suspicions and those animosities which have so long poisoned the air. The path which leads to appeasement is long and bristles with obstacles. The question of Czechoslovakia is the latest and perhaps the most dangerous. Now that we have got past it, I feel that it may be possible to make further progress along the road to sanity. Source E: extract from ‘The Making of the Second World War' by A.P. Adamthwaite - 1977 Though the settlement that ended the First World War was a patched-up peace it was not foredoomed to failure. A solid Anglo-French alliance might have contained Germany. The reasons for the rapid breakdown of the European security system erected in 1919 are to be found in: the explosive mixture of power politics and ideology that propelled Germany, in the general detestation of war and in the appreciation of economic, political and military weakness that weighed down western statesmen. Essentially it was the failure to envisage alternative political and military strategies. But the failure was not inevitable. It has become almost self evident in assessments of British and French leaders to see them as realistic statesmen, oppressed by the knowledge of their countries I weaknesses and the strength of their political enemies. Yet, their assessments were the product of their own prejudices and opinion. The feebleness and timidity of British and French foreign policies in the later 1930s were symptomatic of the short-sighted selfishness of the ruling class set on self-preservation. Source E: extract from ‘The Making of the Second World War' by A.P. Adamthwaite - 1977 Though the settlement that ended the First World War was a patched-up peace it was not foredoomed to failure. A solid Anglo-French alliance might have contained Germany. The reasons for the rapid breakdown of the European security system erected in 1919 are to be found in: the explosive mixture of power politics and ideology that propelled Germany, in the general detestation of war and in the appreciation of economic, political and military weakness that weighed down western statesmen. Essentially it was the failure to envisage alternative political and military strategies. But the failure was not inevitable. It has become almost self evident in assessments of British and French leaders to see them as realistic statesmen, oppressed by the knowledge of their countries I weaknesses and the strength of their political enemies. Yet, their assessments were the product of their own prejudices and opinion. The feebleness and timidity of British and French foreign policies in the later 1930s were symptomatic of the short-sighted selfishness of the ruling class set on self-preservation.

3. 5. How far do Sources A, D and E explain the reasons for Britain's adoption of the policy of appeasement? 8 Use Sources A, D and E and recalled knowledge. Set immediate context -give a few sentences to define appeasement/ historical debate and an introduction into the debate/issues highlighted in the sources which go so far Identify the overall views of each source in turn Make a judgement as to the significance of what they are saying in relation as to how far they highlight particular issues relevant in a discussion of the issues shaping/influencing the use of appeasement by the Government in reaction to events after 1935 Back this up by selecting points from the source (bones) then putting flesh on them by using recall -i.e. put each point into context Set immediate context -give a few sentences to define appeasement/ historical debate and an introduction into the debate/issues highlighted in the sources which go so far Identify the overall views of each source in turn Make a judgement as to the significance of what they are saying in relation as to how far they highlight particular issues relevant in a discussion of the issues shaping/influencing the use of appeasement by the Government in reaction to events after 1935 Back this up by selecting points from the source (bones) then putting flesh on them by using recall -i.e. put each point into context What is the Question asking you to do

4. This will allow you to 'evaluate/assess' how far you accept what they are saying is relevant Then use 'additional' recall to develop relevant points NOT highlighted by the sources BUT very relevant in the debate of the factors which influenced the use of appeasement by the British Government This will allow you to 'evaluate/assess' how far you accept what they are saying is relevant Then use 'additional' recall to develop relevant points NOT highlighted by the sources BUT very relevant in the debate of the factors which influenced the use of appeasement by the British Government

5. The sources do offer an insight into the issues shaping Govt. policy during the late 1930s. Historians continue to debate the rights and wrongs of appeasement as a means of dealing with the threat of war and in their discussion they consider issues highlighted by the sources. The sources do offer an insight into the issues shaping Govt. policy during the late 1930s. Historians continue to debate the rights and wrongs of appeasement as a means of dealing with the threat of war and in their discussion they consider issues highlighted by the sources. Introduction

6. Source A An extract from a diary by a contemporary politician about the issue of the reoccupation of the Rhineland in March 1936 – does help explain why Britain adopted appeasement: Points from Source A Recall evaluating points from source Lack of united action between Britain and France highlighted poor relations at the time of the issue public opinion was anti-war Fair assessment of Anglo- French relations e.g. over Abyssinia and Franco-Soviet pact. fair point as this was a big factor in shaping the policy and an issue Chamberlain was sensitive to i.e. fear of war /memories of WW1/League

7. So Source A does highlight relevant points which encouraged Govt. to use appeasement and the move away at the time from the use of the League/ collective security and option for face/ face meetings with Germany reflects new mood of 1935/6 in how to maintain peace/ attitudes to Germany Sub-Conclusion

8. Source D Similarly Source D, part of speech by Chamberlain after the resolution of the Czech crisis following the Munich agreement, highlights the issues in the mind of our PM who was the main driving force behind the policy. By 1938 the policy of appeasement was priority. Points from Source D Recall evaluating points from source Triumph of negotiation Aim to work for the pacification of Europe Majority view at the time that legitimate German claims had been resolved i.e. feelings over Versailles /need to clear up the wrongs - new peace settlement Reflects the role of Chamberlain i.e. his personal /single mindedness and determination

9. Sub-Conclusion Source D therefore does highlight other factors which explain the determination to negotiate rather than use force.

10. Source E An assessment by a historian with the benefit of hindsight goes further in highlighting assumptions made by the Govt. at the time and which encouraged them to use appeasement. Points from Source E Recall evaluating points from source Weaknesses of Versailles Lack of Anglo-French unity Correctly notes the importance, albeit incorrect assumption at the time that Versailles had failed and that a new settlement, involving Germany, should be sought Correct, this was a key factor in assumptions at the time over the the reliability of France following the Hoare- Laval scandal and the worry over French alliances with Russia as well as political instability in France

11. Points from Source E Recall evaluating points from source General detestation of war Appreciation of weaknesses (economic /political /military) No alternatives pursued Fair point - assumption at the time of public mood/ war technology & attitudes of Chamberlain himself Fair point -assumption at the time by the Govt. over effects of depression welfare/warfare debate and politicians fear of political dangers (rise of communism? as believed over Spain/removal of Hitler). Our military over-estimated the power of Hitler's army and the 10 -year rule had severely undermined our own army Critical but an opinion with the benefit of hindsight reflected in lack of other options considered by Chamberlain

12. Points from Source E Recall evaluating points from source Realistic statesmen Yet, the prejudices /selfishness /timidity of the upper class influenced Britain’s foreign policy Accurate - appeasement appeared at the time to be common sense Critical view but an important point as it reflects the view that an elite encouraged the use of appeasement (Cliveden set) i.e. sympathy for Hitler/anti- communism

13. Sub-Conclusion Source E does highlight many of the underlying issues which encouraged the Govt. to adopt appeasement. Yet as well as the points in the sources other issues/factors are also said to have been influential: lack of allies Empire a priority too many potential enemies weakness of the League after actions failed against Japan/Italy general fear of communism Hitler was reasonable with reasonable demands. others points can be mentioned Overall Conclusion Overall the sources do highlight relevant factors for the adoption of appeasement by the Govt. in the 1930s. The above recall of further points helps us understand, whether we agree with them or not, the points argued by the Govt. to favour the use of appeasement.

14. 1-3Selects relevant evidence from the sources and/or recalled knowledge but without making the required evaluation. 4-6Selects relevant evidence from the sources and uses limited recall to inform a basic evaluation in terms of the question. 7-8Establishes the main points of the sources and uses recalled knowledge to evaluate these in order to reach an appropriate conclusion. 1-3Selects relevant evidence from the sources and/or recalled knowledge but without making the required evaluation. 4-6Selects relevant evidence from the sources and uses limited recall to inform a basic evaluation in terms of the question. 7-8Establishes the main points of the sources and uses recalled knowledge to evaluate these in order to reach an appropriate conclusion. Cut off Descriptors