1. Word Formation

2. Etymology The study of word origins. If you look at a dictionary entry, you’ll see the etymology of a word. It might be something historical, cultural, etc.

3. Etymology How does this help an ESL student? Imagine a student encounters the word physique, how could you help her understand it?

4. Coinage Coinage happens when a brand name becomes the common name for something. In the business world, this is called “branding.” Examples: jello=gelatin, kleenex=tissue, iPod=MP3 player. Can you think of any others?

5. Borrowing Just like it sounds, borrowing occurs when English uses words from other languages. Can be seen in Starbucks – mocha café latte Most languages use borrowing. Why do you think this true?

6. Compounding This is simply combining two words to make one. Noun + noun = bathtub, doormat Adjective + noun = blacklist, lowball Compound adjectives = easy-going, hard-boiled

7. Blending Combining two words, but shortening both. Like compounding, but the whole word is NOT retained. Smoke + fog = smog Breakfast + lunch = brunch Spiced + ham = spam Jazz + exercise = jazzercise

8. Clipping Clipping is the shortening of words. Some clipped words have become more common than their full-length counterparts. Ad, auto, deli, demo, condo, lab, etc. Other examples?

9. Special –y clipping Hypocorisms are words shortened and finished with a –y sound. Television = telly Barbeque = barbie Hipster = hippy Brits and Aussies use this A LOT.

10. Acronyms Of course, we all know what these are. But, these sometimes become everyday words without us really thinking about it. Radar, scuba, AIDS, MADD, and of course, TESOL How has technology made these more relevant?

11. Zero Derivation We mentioned this before: derivation without any affixes added. Also called conversion. The poor Down a beer Up the price Total a car

12. Onomatopoeia Words that sound like the sound they describe. Buzz, hiss, splash, thud, clang, etc. (like the old Batman TV show) All onomatopoeias are NOT the same for all cultures – “Peeee”= “Beep” in Japanese – “Kakaraka”=“Cock-a-doodle-do” in Hindi – Can you think of any in another language?

13. Multiple processes A word can undergo several of these processes we discussed. Final thoughts?