2. What was the historical context of Washington’s first term? (Pagent pp. 189-190) Social/CulturalPoliticalEconomic

3. What was the historical context of Washington’s first term? (Pagent pp. 189-190) SOCIAL/ CULTURAL POLITICALECONOMIC

4. THE STRUGGLE FOR RATIFICATION: Problem: Rhode Island – boycotted Constitutional Convention Solution: After 9 states ratify, Const. in effect in those states Effect: Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island are last states to ratify DEBATE RAGES!!! TO RATIFY OR NOT!!!

5. FEDERALISTS(MADISONIANS) ANTI-FEDERALISTS (JEFFERSONIANS) Anti-federalists: AGAINST RATIFICATION WHY: Suspect the elite, suspicious of tyranny WHO: Poor farmers, frontiersmen, states’ rights advocates Federalists: FOR RATIFICATION WHY: Stability and Strength needed to secure economy and the high seas WHO: Propertied classes, merchants, bankers

6. George Washington's Inaugural Journey through Trenton, 1789 Washington received a warm welcome in Trenton, site of his first victory during the Revolutionary War. (Private Collection) George Washington's Inaugural Journey through Trenton, 1789 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

7. What were the qualities that encouraged the selection of George Washington as the first president?

8. Washington Taking the Oath George Washington was the most admired man in eighteenth-century America. Even before the Constitution was ratified, his name was widely proposed for the presidency. "Of all Men you are best fitted to fill that Office," wrote one friend, and indeed, Washington was unanimously elected to serve as the first president of the United States. Along the route from his home at Mount Vernon, Virginia, to his inauguration at New York City, Washington was greeted by cheering crowds, bands, and parades. Barges, decorated in patriotic themes, accompanied him as he crossed the Hudson River. In this painting, the artist captures the enthusiasm and patriotism of the crowd that has gathered to see the general take the oath of office. (Library of Congress) Washington Taking the Oath Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

9. WASHINGTON LEADS First President, ever No models to follow Constitution is more of a limiting document. It is meant to prevent Washington, and his successors, from becoming tyrants. It does not guide Washington or the first Congress in how to run the day to day business of government.

10. Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is a compromise between the Federalists/Madison and the AntiFederalists/Jefferson. Why?

11. Bill of Rights I - Freedom of Speech, Press, Religion, Petition, and Assembly Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.

12. II - Right to keep and bear arms A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. III - Conditions for quarters of soldiers No soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law. IV - Right of search and seizure regulated The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

13. V - Provisons concerning prosecution No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation.

14. VI - Right to a speedy trial, witnesses, etc. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.

15. Which amendments are the most important, from an Antifederalist perspective?

16. VII - Right to a trial by jury In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise reexamined in any court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law. VIII - Excessive bail, cruel punishment Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. IX - Rule of construction of Constitution The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people. X - Rights of the States under Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.

17. THE JUDICIAL BRANCH Judiciary Act of 1789 The Constitution did not provide for a federal judiciary. It only stated that there should be a Supreme Court. Congress had to decide how many judges there would be, how long they would serve, and how they would be appointed. This Act was one of the first tests of the system of Checks and Balances. WHY?

18. John Jay Diplomat Co-Author of Federalist Papers First Chief Justice of the United States Image : http://www.archives.gov/nhprc/annotation/march- 2002/images/john-jay.jpg

19. John Marshall by Charles B.J. Fevret De St. Memin, crayon, 1801 John Marshall (1755–1835) was chief justice of the United States from 1801– 1835. He posed for this portrait by the French artist Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Memin in 1801, the year he joined the Court. The artist captured the power and strength with which Marshall would dominate the Court. (Duke University Archives) John Marshall by Charles B.J. Fevret De St. Memin, crayon, 1801 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

20. THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH Washington begins his cabinet with 3 departments: Alexander Thomas Henry Hamilton Jefferson Knox Secretary Secretary Secretary of Treasury of State of War

21. HAMILTON VS. JEFFERSON FEDERALIST STRONG GOVT ELITIST/ARISTOCRAT COMMERCIAL/ BUSINESS FOCUS FAVORS CREDITORS WANTS A NATIONAL BANK ANTIFEDERALIST STRONG STATE GOVT POPULIST/PLAIN PEOPLE FARMER/CITIZEN IDEAL FAVORS DEBTORS OPPOSES NATIONAL BANK

22. Foreign Debt $11,710,000 Federal Domestic Debt $42,414,000 State Debt $21,500,000 Misc. Revenue Excise Revenue (Whiskey, etc.) Customs Duties (Tariffs) Hamilton’s Financial Structure Supported by Revenues

23. DEBT AND BANK CONTROVERSY PROCON Hamilton Govt. will assume debt from war Northern states war costs benefited all states, should be paid by all Creditors will be paid Foreign govts. and veterans will be paid Broad interpretation of Constitution, i.e. the bank is “necessary and proper” (AKA elastic clause) Emphasis on implied powers of Constitution. Jefferson Southern states already paid debt Natl. Bank is unhealthy for republic Favors few creditors at expense of all Bank is Unconstitutional Narrow interpretation of Constitution (AKA “strict constructionism”) COMPROMISE: MOVE THE NATION’S CAPITAL FROM NEW YORK CITY TO A SOUTHERN LOCATION. VIRGINIA BACKS THE PLAN, DEADLOCK RESOLVED, D.C. is BORN

24. 1.Bill of Rights 2.Strict 3.Narrow 4.Amendment X 5.Jefferson 6.Anti-Federalists 7.Democratic- Republicans 1.Political Theory 2.Constructionism 3.Interpretation 4.Constitutional Basis 5.Leadership 6.Ratification 7.Political Party 1.Implied Powers 2.Loose 3.Broad 4.Elastic Clause 5.Hamilton 6.Federalists 7.Federalists

25. Tax collector scene from Whiskey Rebellion In 1794, the new federal government passed an excise tax on whiskey made from surplus American grains. Farmers in western Pennsylvania rose up in protest against what they considered an unfair assault on their livelihood. Using tactics straight out of the pre-Revolutionary War era, including tarring and feathering the "revenooer" assigned to collect the taxes, the "Whiskey Rebels" challenged the federal government's authority. President Washington met this challenge by assembling an army of almost 13,000 men to put down the Whiskey Rebellion. Critics declared the president's response excessive. Do you agree? (Library of Congress) Tax collector scene from Whiskey Rebellion Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

26. WHISKEY REBELLION KEY IDEA: Hamilton saw the Whiskey Rebellion as an opportunity to show the Federal Governments ability to resolve domestic problems and assert the new government’s authority.

27. Political Parties? Oh My!!! Washington cannot control the feuding between Jefferson and Hamilton. So… Supporters of Jefferson and strong state governments call themselves Republicans. Whereas… Supporters of Hamilton and strong central government call themselves Federalists. These start out as clubs, then develop into parties. The two-party system develops and remains to this day.

28. Congressional Pugilists, 1798 A cartoonist satirizes the fiercely partisan debates in Congress surrounding the Alien and Sedition Acts. (Library of Congress) Congressional Pugilists, 1798 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

29. Emergence of Political Parties Hamilton Creates National Bank Jefferson opposes National Bank Whiskey RebellionCounter-Reaction FederalistsDemocratic-Republicans Death of Federalists 1816 Republicans One –Party: Era of Good Feelings 1820 National Republicans 1825Democratic-Republicans Whigs1834Jacksonian Democrats Republicans 1854Democrats Republicans TodayDemocrats Today

30. 1.The first amendment grants the rights to speech, _______,press, assembly, and petition. 2.The right to bear arms is based on the need for a well-regulated ___________. 3.The eighth amendment permits the death penalty. (True/False) 4.The tenth amendment reserves unenumerated powers to the states (True/False). 5.“Double Jeopardy” refers to what?