1. Continental Drift Alfred Wegener – 1915 Continental Jigsaw Puzzle – Fossils Matched across the sea – Common rock types (Africa and Appalachian) – Ancient Climates

2. Fossil and Rock Evidence

3. Rejected There was no credible mechanism for the movement of continents

4. Theory of Plate Tectonics WWII oceanographers – large picture of the ocean floor. Ocean ridges Ocean drilling – established the age of the ocean floor Paleomagnetism

5. Age of Ocean Floor

6. paleomagnetism

7. Plate boundaries

8. Divergent boundaries

9. Rift zone

10. Convergent boundaries

11. Volcanic formation

12. Transform boundary

14. How is sediment formed Weathering Mass wasting Erosion

15. Weathering Rocks are broken down to sediment through the process of either – Mechanical weathering – Chemical weathering

16. Mechanical Weathering – Physical breaking up of rock - disintegration – Rock is broken into smaller pieces Frost Wedging Sheeting Biological activity

17. Frost Wedging

18. Sheeting

19. Biological weathering

20. Chemical Weathering Alters internal structure of the mineral by removing and/or adding elements – Oxidation – Carbonic Acid

21. Oxidation Water is the agent of chemical weathering. Oxygen dissolved in water will oxidize iron-rich minerals

22. Carbonic acid Carbon dioxide dissolved in water forms a weak acid. This weak acid will react with mineral elements; breaking the rock down.

23. Mass Wasting The transfer of rock and soil downslope, under the influence of gravity. – Mudslide – Rockslide – Earthflow – slump

25. Triggers of Mass Wasting Over saturation of land Over steepened slopes Loss of vegetation Earthquakes

26. Erosion The physical removal of material by a mobile agent such as flowing water, waves, wind or ice Water Wind

27. Soil Combination of sediment and organic matter