1. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 1 Auteur, Economist Tel. et Fax: 0043 2247 3552 – 0043 1 26026 5102 Email : yeamaizo@hotmail.com – eamaizo@unido.org OVERVIEW: EDUCATION, SKILLS, EMPLOYMENT AND CAPABILITIES, THE CHALLENGES ON REBUILDING THE ECONOMY ? How can the African Diaspora be involved ? Presented by Dr. Yves Ekoué Amaïzo

2. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 2 Contents Introduction: From migration to Diaspora 1. Migration and Diaspora: Working in a Glocal Economy 2. The TINA syndrome 3. Improving technology contents while promoting entrepreneurship Conclusion: Networking and promoting entrepreneurship

3. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 3 Introduction From migration to Diaspora : an old globalisation issue

4. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 4 An old globalisation issue Voluntary From Migration to Diaspora Short-term Agricultural workers, Short term consultant Non Voluntary Solicited Unsolicited Solicited Unsolicited Long-term Short-term Long-term Short-term Long-term Short-term Long-term Medical services, nurses, physicians, Job seekers Short term consultant Unfilled Labor market opportunities Seasonal workers (temporary shortage on the labor market Structural gaps on Local Labor market (IT specialists) Informal sector (vulnerable workers- law wages, law social protection) Non conventional businesses, smuggling…

5. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 5  African Diaspora: consequences of migration (slavery)  Due to global asymmetric well-being opportunities, migration should be considered as part of a development catch-up process

6. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 6 Number of People living on less than $ US 2 per day (in millions) Source: From World Bank, Global Economic Prospects 2003, pp. 31 and 32. Poverty reduction: MDGs Role of Diaspora? Reverse Brain Drain?

7. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 7 1. Migration and Diaspora: Working in a Glocal Economy

8. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo Source: Gildas Simon, “International migration trends, Population & Sociétés, n. 382, INED, September 2002; Géodynamique des migrations internationales dans le monde, PUF, Paris, 1995; OECD, International Migration Trends, SOPEMI, 2001, Migration in the World : 1965 - 2002, in millions Immigrants = People living outside their country of origin, or their country of primarily citizenship Diaspora = People living outside their country of origin, or their country of primarily citizenship Since many years or centuries

9. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 9 Source: World Bank, WDI 2004, p. 346. France Foreign Labour Force in selected countries, 1990 - 2001 Austria Canada Japan United Kingdom USA

10. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo Source: United Nations Population Division, World Population Prospects; The 2000 Revision, pp 52-92 Net Migration per year in selected regions (in 000), 2000-2050 Africa Asia Latin America & Caribbean's Western Europe North America

11. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 11  Industrialized regions are net receivers of international migrants originating from less industrialized countries (roughly 2 millions per year)  Rebuilding Africa’s economy and recovering its dignity are directly related to the mastering of capability and capacity formation without jeopardizing local culture Structural transfer of workforce from Southern to Northern economies

12. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 12 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators, 2004, pp. 50-52. Unemployment in selected countries, 2000-02 % of total Labour Force EU: 9.8 % of Labour Force

13. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo Source: Angus Maddison, OECD, The World Economy : Historical Statistics 2003, pp.218-223 GDP PER CAPITA for selected world regions, 1900-2001 (in 1990 international GEARY-KHAMIS dollars) Education, skills, employment and capabilities gaps ? Knowledge Divide? Transfer of human resources, physical, technical and intellectual: Neutralisation of local capability and capacity formation in weak influential economies Role of Diaspora also fundamental becomes complex, sometimes contradictory Revision Geographical approach

14. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo African Diaspora can be involved in contributing to: 1.Building of Public-Private infrastructure projects (well-being sectors such as energy, health, education, and transports) 2.Establishment of Predictable Institutional and Business Environment 3.Transferring capabilities and diffusion of knowledge as a path acceptable to local people and not against their interests and their culture 4.Building Interdependent networks and clustering approaches 5.Focusing on “result-oriented entrepreneurship projects” based on a bottom-up approach  Building an economy becomes a challenge Rebuilding Productive Capabilities and Capacities

15. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 15 NEPAD Development Goals of interest to Reversing the Brain Drain Building complementarities between Ministry of Labour and other Ministries in terms of innovative approaches and creation of decent jobs More direct involvement of the African Civil society is required to ensure ownership and large participations Diaspora must get organized as a Non-State Actors and vote massively whenever possible in order to influence policies oHarmonization of immigration policies in Western countries oAcknowledgment of migration as a great contribution to the development of Western economies (Development Aid as a compensation) oHarmonization of immigration policies in Pan-African sub-regions as well Promoting and Providing incentives for companies with Corporate Social Responsibility (CSF/Foreign direct investment or CSF/Investment portfolio) Enforcing Property law in Africa especially for women

16. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 16 Share of Workers Remittances in Exports of goods and services, in $ US millions Source: World Bank, Global Development Finance: Striving for Stability in Development Finance, 2003, pp. 6,14, 18, 26.

17. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 17 Unforeseen future costs for Today’s immigration Policy, 2000-2050 Immigration Policy based on: Keeping who is needed and “rejecting” those who are not needed: is not sustainable if Local conditions does not improve in Africa Employment/Revenues/Income Health and Social nets Education and diffusion of knowledge and technology and financial facilities Human rights, open society and free system of representative democracy Double standards policies (Ethnical, political preferences in Labour policies)

18. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 18 Regional Economy Economy GlobalEconomy Economy of proximity Localeconomy Social Cohesion New Competitive Paradigm: Glocal Economy Co-operationCompetition Upgrading syndrome Source: inspired from Suvit Maesincee, R&D and the Nations Competitiveness, 21 July 2003 Coo-petition and Negotiation

19. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 19 2. The TINA syndrome

20. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 20 Factor-Driven Economy Investment- Driven Economy Innovation-Driven Economy Cost of inputs Productivity, competition and efficiency Unique value Sensitive to market fluctuations Sensitive to learning and innovation Sensitive to business ethics Limited role in the value chain Assembly, Labor-intensive industries, Resource extraction Producing standard products and services Technology diffusion mainly through Learning. Licensing, Joint-ventures, FDI, Imitation Specialization in the value chain Heavy investment, Efficient infrastructure and Modern production methods Global value chain Ability to produce innovative products and services With most advanced technologies and services Interdependent local value chains/clusters LIC MIC- Low HIC Importance of benchmarking and Peer review MIC- High Performance Driven Economy

21. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 21 TINA Syndrome There Is No Alternative to UPGRADING Suggested solution: Pan-African Productive Networks : offering training/upgrading courses in partnership with companies (CSR)

22. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 22 There is No Alternative to Skills Formation Capability formation Technology and knowledge diffusion Strategic planning of education expenditures need to be revisited

23. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 23 Could be defined as a dynamic and systemic process of exchanges of codified explicit and tacit knowledge with special focus on technology diffusion and absorption capabilities for social enhancement Definition of Capability formation Source: Y.E. Amaïzo, Global value chains and production networks: Capability formation in South Africa, June 2004, Discussion Paper, available on South Africa Government website

24. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 24 The crucial role of Capability formation in Collective Efficiency Technology and knowledge Access, creation, diffusion Absorption Capacity Capability formation Networking Human Capital Institutions and knowledge codifications Government commitment as facilitator/regulator Diaspora as Non-State actors

25. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 25 Source: World Development Indicators 2003, p. 78 Public Expenditure per Student (% of GDP per capita), 2001/2

26. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 26 Source: World Development Indicators 2004, p.292. Intenational Telecommunications (cost of call to U.S. $ per 3 minutes) in 2002

27. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 27 Source: World Development Indicators 2004, p.292. Intenational Telecommunications (cost of call to U.S. $ per 3 minutes) in 2002

28. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 28 3. Improving technology contents while promoting entrepreneurship

29. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 29 Changing technological patterns of World Trade ( % growth rate 1985-98)

30. Source: UNIDO Data base 2004: calculated from Comtrade Database RB: Resources Based LT: Low technology MT: Medium technology HT: High technology Technological content: Benchmarking World Regions, 1981- 2000

31. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 31 Capability Formation Collective efficiency Benchmarking and Peers Review Mechanism Building People First Value chain process improvement Enterprise process improvement Inter-firm Connectivity and building support institutions Intra-firm activity involving knowledge-led institutions Key Factors For Capability Formation Creativity and Initiatives Network Performance

32. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 32 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2004, p. 318 ECOWAS Dynamic Regions based on intra-regional Trade Blocs Merchandise Exports within Bloc, 1970-2002 (in millions US $) SADC WAEMU CEMAC UMA

33. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 33 Industries offering best Opportunities for FDI in Africa, 2000 (frequency of replies based on a questionnaire, in %) Source: UNCTAD (Geneva, 2000) extracted from Bade Onimode (eds), African Development and Governance Strategies in the 21 st Century, Zed Books, 2004 p. 249

34. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 34 African Countries Ranked According to their Attractiveness for FDI, 2000-2003 (frequency of replies based on a questionnaire, in %) Source: UNCTAD (Geneva, 2000) extracted from Bade Onimode (eds.) “African Development and Governance Strategies in the 21 st Century”, Zed Books, 2004, p. 250.

35. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 35 Conclusion: Networking and promoting entrepreneurship

36. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 36 Building interdependence within Diaspora 1.Segmentation of Diaspora and migrant labour markets (ethnic, age, education, skills, agile mobility…) 2.Migration as a driver of economic growth and poverty reduction: investment of remittances is usually going into consumption and not to productive uses delaying multiplier effects in the economy and positive impact on well-being 3.Multi-location livelihood strategies

37. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 37 Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, pp. 297-296.. Transaction costs: The information age, 2002 Personal Computers in Education in selected countries

38. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo 38 The way forward: Focusing on technology upgrading 1.Moving from Transfer of People and Transfer/diffusion of knowledge, skills and technology (using video conference facilities) 2.Transforming selected Universities into Social Responsibility Knowledge Centers 3.Promoting national and sub-regional reverse Brain Drain through incentives for countries pursuing a predictable and conducive environment 4.Tax free regimes for Equipment and technology imports within Diaspora’s new geographical borders (intra-pan-african countries) 5.Database for Diaspora’s competencies including Business and subcontracting matchmaking partnership with local private sector and knowledge centers 6.Creation of a post of Commissioner for African Diaspora’s at the level of the African Union and/or NEPAD and a Ministry for Diaspora at national ane regional levels 7.Building Cross-border networks at the sectoral and financial levels

39. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo  African Diaspora : When you don’t find a job or you are not offered a decent job, Move into training, build your skills, select the market niche/segment with best opportunities and comparative advantages and Become an entrepreneur as part of a value added network, and Create jobs Do not work in isolation Rebuilding Productive Capabilities and Capacities

40. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo Source: World Bank, World Development Indicators 2003, pp. 302-305 Science and technology, in selected countries Technicians in R&D per million people (av. Years: 1990-2001)

41. AfricaRecruit Employment and Human Resource Sharing/Exchange Seminar: Engaging with the African Diaspora, London, United Kingdom, 10-11th March 2005 Y.E. Amaïzo Tee Break ?