1. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

2. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP The cells of all organisms—from algae to whales to people—need chemical energy for all of their processes. Some organisms, such as diatoms and plants, absorb energy from sunlight. What is a diatom? –What do they do with it? -Some of that energy is stored in sugars. -Cellsbreak down sugars to produce usable chemical energy for their functions. Without organisms that make sugars, living things on Earth could not survive.

3. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP MAIN IDEA: The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. You are hungry. You need energy, so you grab what? A Snickers Bar? A Kit-Kat Bar? Does this food that contains sugar and other Carbon-based molecules give you the energy that you need? How does it provide it to you, exactly? All carbon-based molecules store chemical energy in their bonds!

4. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. What is a glucose molecule? Starch molecule Glucose molecule A six-carbon sugar made by plants during photosynthesis. Used for energy!

5. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP What is ATP? Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes. ATP carries chemical energy that cells can use. Cells use ATP to carry out functions: –building molecules –moving materials by active transport.

6. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP phosphate removed How does ATP transfer energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell functions? –ATP has three phosphate groups, but the third has a unstable, weak bond. –Energy is released when the third phosphate group is removed. –ADP is changed into ATP when a phosphate group is added. ADP is a lower-energy molecule that can be converted into ATP by the addition of a phosphate group.

7. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Where are molecules from food involved in the cycle? phosphate removed Food molecules are supplying the energy to ADD a phosphate group to ADP, converting it once again to ATP!

8. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Describe the relationship between energy stored in food and ATP. 1.Food molecules store chemical energy in their bonds. 2.Food is broken down into smaller molecules that are broken down further to transfer this energy to ATP.

9. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Let’s Compare ATP and ADP!

10. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP. Food does not contain readily useable ADP that our cells can use. Food has to be eaten and digested first (making smaller molecules) Different foods contain different amounts of calories, which is a measure of energy. Calories and ATP are related. Different foods contain different amounts of ATP. The number of ATP molecules produced depends on the type of molecule that is broken down –Carbohydrate –Lipid –Protein

11. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Fill in the Details Section in the table on your Power Notes! Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. –not stored in large amounts in our bodies –you can get up to 36 ATP molecules from one glucose molecule

12. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP Lipids or Fats store the most energy and provide the most ATP when broken down. –Store 80 percent of the energy in your body –Obtain about 146 ATP molecules from a triglyceride Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP. –amino acids not usually needed for energy, but for making new proteins! –store about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

13. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP What about plants? More on them later……………. Lipids provide more ATP than carbohydrates do. Carbohydrates produce about 36, and lipids produce about 146. Compare and Contrast: How do lipids and carbohydrates differ in ATP production?

14. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP A few types of organisms do not need sunlight and photosynthesis as a source of energy. Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight (hydrothermal vents) These vents release chemical compounds In chemosynthesis, organisms use chemical energy instead of light energy to make energy-storing carbon-based molecules. Process is –similar to photosynthesis –uses chemical energy instead of light energy

15. 4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP How are chemosynthetic organisms and plants similar as energy sources? Both chemosynthetic organisms and plants make their own food and both are eaten by other organisms that cannot make their own food.