1. ECE 353 Introduction to Microprocessor Systems Michael G. Morrow, P.E. Week 8

2. Topics Logic Compatibility Microprocessor peripherals Timers  Periodic  Watchdog  Real-time  ADuC7026 timers Pulse-width modulators (PWM) Direct memory access (DMA)

3. FET Basics Field effect transistors (FETs) are used as the switching elements in logic gates When turned on, the FET presents a very low impedance to current, like a closed switch When turned off, the FET presents a very high impedance to current, like an open switch There are two ways to construct a FET N-channelP-channel

4. Logic Outputs Totem-pole Three-state (tri-state) Open-drain

5. Logic Family Characteristics Voltage V IHmin – minimum input voltage recognized as a logical 1 V ILmax – maximum input voltage recognized as a logical 0 V OHmin – minimum voltage output for a logical 1 V OLmax – maximum voltage output for a logical 0 Current Currents are defined positive in, negative out I OHmax – maximum output current sourced for a logical 1 I OLmax – maximum output current sunk for a logical 0 I IHmax – maximum input current required at a logical 1 I ILmax – maximum input current required at a logical 0 I OZH, I OZL – current drawn/sourced when tri-stated Logic families

6. Simple Circuit Models Drivers Receivers

7. DC Noise Margins

8. Logic Compatibility Static (DC) Compatibility Voltage Current Overvoltage tolerant inputs Dynamic compatibility  Capacitive loading, mutual induction, reflections, etc. Exercises

9. Timer Peripherals Timer/counter modules used to Generate signals with specified frequency / duty cycle Count external events, measure pulse width Generate absolute delays, periodic interrupts Building a timer peripheral Basic free-running timer Periodic timer enhancements Clock selection and prescaling Adding capture capability

10. A Basic Free-Running Timer

11. A Periodic Timer

12. Clock Selection and Prescaling

13. Capture Capability

14. Real-Time Clocks (RTCs) RTCs provide microprocessor systems with absolute time information Absolute time does not necessarily mean calendar/clock time Typically operate from 32.768KHz crystal with battery or capacitor back-up power supply Generate periodic interrupts Often contain a small amount of RAM – historically this was where the PC stored its configuration (BIOS) settings since it was non-volatile. Dallas Semiconductor DS1375

15. Watchdog Timers Watchdog timers are used to guard a system against lock-up due to software errors or soft failures in hardware Often included in microcontrollers and CPU supervisor circuits. Retriggering is usually done in the main program loop Watchdog output can be used to reset the CPU or as a nonmaskable interrupt (NMI) Maxim MAX6323/MAX6324

16. ADuC7026 Timers Timer0 A basic periodic timer, intended to be used as the RTOS timer  16-bit counter, free-running or period register  CPU core clock with prescaler  Generates interrupt and/or ADC conversion trigger MMRs

17. ADuC7026 Timers Timer1 General-purpose timer  32-bit counter  Multiple clock sources with prescaler  Capture register  Binary or H:M:S formats

18. ADuC7026 Timers Timer2 Wake-up timer  32-bit counter  Can run on 32kHz clocks  Binary or H:M:S format

19. ADuC7026 Timers Timer3 Watchdog or general- purpose timer  16-bit counter  32kHz clock source  Watchdog timer is reset by writing to T3CLRI MMR Requires pseudo-random sequence in secure clear mode

20. Timer3 Secure Clear Mode

21. PWM Peripherals A basic pulse-width modulator peripheral creates a rectangular wave whose duty cycle can be controlled PWM allows us to control the average power delivered to a load without changing the voltage supplied to itaverage power The ADuC7026 contains a very capable 3-phase PWM that is intended to do motor control

22. DMA Controllers Direct memory access (DMA) controllers are peripherals devices designed to offload data movement from the processor A common use is in servicing peripherals by collecting a frame of data for the CPU to work on, or sending out a frame of data to a peripheral as it needs it To use DMA, we need to Program the DMA controller for the task Processor does other things The DMA controller interrupts the processor when it has completed. DMA controllers usually have an auto-reload feature to do a repetitive task without the CPU having to reconfigure it every time.

23. DMA Controllers (cont) Typical DMA controllers are programmed with the following information Source address and destination address  Should address be modified at each transfer, and by how much? Transfer size  How many bytes should it transfer each time? Number of transfers Trigger event  What causes the DMA controller to do transfers?

24. Wrapping Up Homework #4 is due Wednesday, March 21 Reading for next week Textbook 11 ADUC 9-10, 33-36, 43-47, 79-82

25. Logic Compatibility Exercises For the following logic families, determine compatibility, noise margins, and fan-out. 74ALS driving 74AC 74AC driving 74ALS V OHmin V IHmin V OLmax V ILmax I OHmax I IHmax I OLmax I ILmax 74ALS2.7V2.0V0.5V0.8V-400uA+20uA+8.0mA-200uA 74AC4.9V 3.76V 0.7*V CC 0.1V 0.7V 0.3*V CC -50uA -24mA +1uA+50uA +24mA -1uA Note: For 74AC, top line is with CMOS load, bottom line is with TTL load.

26. TinyLogic TM and Little Logic

27. Timer0 MMRs T0LD – load counter value T0VAL – read counter value T0CLRI – clear timer interrupt T0CON - Configuration

28. DS1375 RTC

29. MAX6323

30. PWM DAC Use PWM digital output driver LPF removes most of AC components