1. 1 Depreciation, Impairments, and Depletion Instructor Adnan Shoaib PART II: Corporate Accounting Concepts and Issues Lecture 13

2. 2 Review of Lecture 11 (LIFO at Fluctuating Prices and Subsequent adjustments)

3. 3 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods. Fluctuating Prices—Dollar-Value LIFO Retail If the price level does change, the company must eliminate the price change so as to measure the real increase in inventory, not the dollar increase. LIFO RETAIL METHODS

4. 4 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods. Illustration: Assume that the beginning inventory had a retail market value of $10,000 and the ending inventory had a retail market value of $15,000. Assume further that the price level has risen from 100 to 125. It is inappropriate to suggest that a real increase in inventory of $5,000 has occurred. Instead, the company must deflate the ending inventory at retail. Illustration 9A-4 LIFO RETAIL METHODS

5. 5 Illustration: Assume that the current 2010 price index is 112 (prior year 100) and that the inventory ($56,000) has remained unchanged. Illustration 9A-5 Dollar-Value LIFO Retail Method— Fluctuating Prices LIFO RETAIL METHODS LO 8

6. 6 LO 8 Determine ending inventory by applying the LIFO retail methods. Illustration: From this information, we compute the inventory amount at cost: Illustration 9A-6 Hernandez must restate layers of a particular year to the prices in effect in the year when the layer was added. LIFO RETAIL METHODS

7. 7 LO 8 Illustration: Using the data from the previous example, assume that the retail value of the 2013 ending inventory at current prices is $64,800, the 2013 price index is 120 percent of base-year, and the cost-to-retail percentage is 75 percent. Compute the ending inventory at LIFO cost. Illustration 9A-8 Subsequent Adjustments under Dollar-Value LIFO Retail LIFO RETAIL METHODS

8. 8 Depreciation, Impairments, and Depletion Instructor Adnan Shoaib PART II: Corporate Accounting Concepts and Issues Lecture 13

9. 9 1. 1.Explain the concept of depreciation. 2. 2.Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process. 3. 3.Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing-charge methods of depreciation. 4. 4.Explain special depreciation methods. 5. 5.Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment. 6. 6.Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources. 7. 7.Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources. Learning Objectives

10. 10 Depreciation Factors involved Methods of depreciation Special methods Special issues ImpairmentsDepletion Presentation and Analysis Recognizing impairments Measuring Impairments Restoration of loss Assets to be disposed of Presentation Analysis Establishing a base Write-off of resource cost Estimating reserves Liquidating dividends Continuing controversy Depreciation, Impairments, and Depletion

11. 11 Allocating costs of long-term assets:  Fixed assets = Depreciation expense  Intangibles = Amortization expense  Natural resources = Depletion expense Depreciation is the accounting process of allocating the cost of tangible assets to expense in a systematic and rational manner to those periods expected to benefit from the use of the asset. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 1 Explain the concept of depreciation.

12. 12 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process. Three basic questions: Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process (1)What depreciable base is to be used? (2)What is the asset’s useful life? (3)What method of cost allocation is best?

13. 13 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process. Depreciable Base Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process Illustration 11-1

14. 14 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 2 Identify the factors involved in the depreciation process. Estimation of Service Lifes Factors Involved in the Depreciation Process  Service life often differs from physical life.  Companies retire assets for two reasons: 1.Physical factors (casualty or expiration of physical life). 2.Economic factors (inadequacy, supersession, and obsolescence).

15. 15 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation. The profession requires the method employed be “systematic and rational.” Examples include: Methods of Depreciation (1)Activity method (units of use or production). (2)Straight-line method. (3)Sum-of-the-years’-digits. (4)Declining-balance method. (5)Group and composite methods. (6)Hybrid or combination methods. Accelerated methods Special methods

16. 16 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 3 Activity Method Illustration 11-2 Illustration: If Stanley uses the crane for 4,000 hours the first year, the depreciation charge is: Stanley Coal Mines Facts Illustration 11-3

17. 17 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Straight-Line Method Illustration: Stanley computes depreciation as follows: Stanley Coal Mines Facts Illustration 11-4 Illustration 11-2 LO 3

18. 18 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Decreasing-Charge Methods Stanley Coal Mines Facts Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits. Each fraction uses the sum of the years as a denominator (5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 15). The numerator is the number of years of estimated life remaining as of the beginning of the year. Illustration 11-2 n(n+1) 2 = 5(5+1) 2 = 15 Alternate sum-of-the- years’ calculation LO 3

19. 19 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation. Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Illustration 11-6

20. 20 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Decreasing-Charge Methods Stanley Coal Mines Facts Declining-Balance Method.  Utilizes a depreciation rate (percentage) that is some multiple of the straight-line method.  Does not deduct the salvage value in computing the depreciation base. Illustration 11-2 LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation.

21. 21 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Declining-Balance Method Illustration 11-7 LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation.

22. 22 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Maserati Corporation purchased a new machine for its assembly process on August 1, 2012. The cost of this machine was $150,000. The company estimated that the machine would have a salvage value of $24,000 at the end of its service life. Its life is estimated at 5 years and its working hours are estimated at 21,000 hours. Year-end is December 31. Instructions: Compute the depreciation expense under the following methods. (a) Straight-line depreciation. (c) Sum-of-the-years’-digits. (b) Activity method(d) Double-declining balance. LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation.

23. 23 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Straight-line Method LO 3 Compare activity, straight-line, and decreasing- charge methods of depreciation.

24. 24 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 3 Activity Method (Assume 800 hours used in 2012)

25. 25 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Sum-of-the-Years’-Digits Method LO 3 5/12 =.416667 7/12 =.583333

26. 26 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Double-Declining Balance Method LO 3

27. 27 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods. Choice of method depends on nature of the assets involved: Special Depreciation Methods  Group method used when the assets are similar in nature and have approximately the same useful lives.  Composite approach used when the assets are dissimilar and have different lives. Companies are also free to develop tailor-made depreciation methods, provided the method results in the allocation of an asset’s cost in a systematic and rational manner (Hybrid or Combination Methods).

28. 28 Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods. (1)How should companies compute depreciation for partial periods? (2)Does depreciation provide for the replacement of assets? (3)How should companies handle revisions in depreciation rates? Special Depreciation Issues

29. 29  Accounted for in the period of change and future periods (Change in Estimate).  Not handled retrospectively.  Not considered errors or extraordinary items. LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods. Depreciation - Method of Cost Allocation Change in Depreciation Rate

30. 30 Arcadia HS, purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a residual value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2012 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a residual value of $5,000 at the end of that time. Questions: What is the journal entry to correct the prior years’ depreciation? Calculate the depreciation expense for 2012. No Entry Required Change in Estimate Example LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

31. 31 Equipment$510,000 Accumulated depreciation 350,000 Net book value (NBV)$160,000 Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2011) Change in Estimate Example After 7 years Equipment cost $510,000 Salvage value - 10,000 Depreciable base500,000 Useful life (original) 10 years Annual depreciation $ 50,000 x 7 years = $350,000 First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate. LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

32. 32 Change in Estimate Example After 7 years Net book value $160,000 Salvage value (new) 5,000 Depreciable base155,000 Useful life remaining 8 years Annual depreciation $ 19,375 Depreciation Expense calculation for 2012. Depreciation expense 19,375 Accumulated depreciation 19,375 Journal entry for 2012 LO 4 Explain special depreciation methods.

33. 33 ImpairmentsImpairments LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment. When the carrying amount of an asset is not recoverable, a company records a write-off referred to as an impairment. Events leading to an impairment: a.Significant decrease in the fair value of an asset. b.Significant change in the manner in which an asset is used. c.Adverse change in legal factors or in the business climate. d.An accumulation of costs in excess of the amount originally expected to acquire or construct an asset. e.A projection or forecast that demonstrates continuing losses associated with an asset.

34. 34 ImpairmentsImpairments 1.Review events for possible impairment. 2.If the review indicates impairment, apply the recoverability test. If the sum of the expected future net cash flows from the long-lived asset is less than the carrying amount of the asset, an impairment has occurred. 3. Assuming an impairment, the impairment loss is the amount by which the carrying amount of the asset exceeds the fair value of the asset. The fair value is the market value or the present value of expected future net cash flows. Measuring Impairments LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

35. 35 LO 5 Illustration 11-16 Graphic of Accounting for Impairments ImpairmentsImpairments

36. 36 Presented below is information related to equipment owned by Pujols Company at December 31, 2012. Assume that Pujols will continue to use this asset in the future. As of December 31, 2012, the equipment has a remaining useful life of 4 years. Instructions: (a) Prepare the journal entry (if any) to record the impairment of the asset at December 31, 2012. (b) Prepare the journal entry to record depreciation expense for 2013. (c) The fair value of the equipment at December 31, 2013, is $5,100,000. Prepare the journal entry (if any) necessary to record this increase in fair value. ImpairmentsImpairments LO 5

37. 37 Loss on impairment 3,600,000 Accumulated depreciation 3,600,000 ImpairmentsImpairments (a). 12/31/12 LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment.

38. 38 ImpairmentsImpairments (b). LO 5 Explain the accounting issues related to asset impairment. Depreciation expense 1,100,000 Accumulated depreciation 1,100,000 (c). Restoration of any impairment loss is not permitted. 12/31/11

39. 39 Natural resources, often called wasting assets, include petroleum, minerals, and timber. They have two main features: 1.complete removal (consumption) of the asset, and 2.replacement of the asset only by an act of nature. DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources. Depletion is the process of allocating the cost of natural resources.

40. 40 Establishing a Depletion Base DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources. Computation of the depletion base involves four factors: (1)Acquisition cost. (2)Exploration costs. (3)Development costs. (4)Restoration costs.

41. 41 Write-off of Resource Cost Normally, companies compute depletion on a units-of- production method (activity approach). Depletion is a function of the number of units extracted during the period. Calculation: Total cost – Residual value Total estimated units available = Depletion cost per unit Units extracted x Cost per unit= Depletion DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

42. 42 Illustration: MaClede Co. acquired the right to use 1,000 acres of land in Alaska to mine for silver. The lease cost is $50,000, and the related exploration costs on the property are $100,000. Intangible development costs incurred in opening the mine are $850,000. MaClede estimates that the mine will provide approximately 100,000 ounces of silver. Illustration 11-17 DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

43. 43 If MaClede extracts 25,000 ounces in the first year, then the depletion for the year is $250,000 (25,000 ounces x $10). LO 6 Inventory250,000 Accumulated Depletion 250,000 MaClede’s statement of financial position: Depletion cost related to inventory sold is part of cost of goods sold. DepletionDepletion Illustration 11-18

44. 44 Estimating Recoverable Reserves  Same as accounting for changes in estimates.  Revise the depletion rate on a prospective basis.  Divides the remaining cost by the new estimate of the recoverable reserves. DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

45. 45 Liquidating Dividends - Dividends greater than the amount of accumulated net income. Illustration: Callahan Mining had a retained earnings balance of $1,650,000, accumulated depletion on mineral properties of $2,100,000, and share premium of $5,435,493. Callahan’s board declared a dividend of $3 a share on the 1,000,000 shares outstanding. It records the $3,000,000 cash dividend as follows. Retained Earnings 1,650,000 Paid-in Capital in Excess of Par 1,350,000 Cash 3,000,000 DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources.

46. 46 Oil and Gas Industry:  Full cost concept  Successful efforts concept DepletionDepletion LO 6 Explain the accounting procedures for depletion of natural resources. Continuing Controversy

47. 47 Presentation of Property, Plant, Equipment, and Natural Resources Presentation and Analysis Basis of valuation (cost) Pledges, liens, and other commitments Depreciation expense for the period. Balances of major classes of depreciable assets. Accumulated depreciation. A description of the depreciation methods used.  Depreciating assets, use Accumulated Depreciation.  Depleting assets may include use of Accumulated Depletion account, or the direct reduction of asset. Disclosures LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources.

48. 48 Measure of a firm’s ability to generate sales from a particular investment in assets. Illustration 11-20 LO 7 Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment Asset Turnover Ratio Presentation and Analysis

49. 49 Measure of the ability to generate operating income from a particular level of sales. Illustration 11-21 LO 7 Profit Margin on Sales Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment Presentation and Analysis

50. 50 Measures a firm’s success in using assets to generate earnings. LO 7 Rate of Return on Assets Analysis of Property, Plant, and Equipment Illustration 11-22 Presentation and Analysis

51. 51 Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows: Net Income Average Total Assets Rate of Return on Assets = Net Income Net Sales Profit Margin on Sales = Net Sales Asset Turnover x x Average Total Assets LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources. Presentation and Analysis

52. 52 $53.5 ($838.2 + $813.5) / 2 Rate of Return on Assets = $53.5 $495.5 Profit Margin on Sales = $495.5 Asset Turnover x x 6.5%10.5% =x.60 ($838.2 + $813.5) / 2 Analyst obtains further insight into the behavior of ROA by disaggregating it into components of profit margin on sales and asset turnover as follows: LO 7 Explain how to report and analyze property, plant, equipment, and natural resources. Presentation and Analysis

53. 53 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System MACRS differs from GAAP in three respects: 1.a mandated tax life, which is generally shorter than the economic life; 2.cost recovery on an accelerated basis; and 3.an assigned salvage value of zero. INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION

54. 54 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Tax Lives (Recovery Periods) Illustration 11A-1 INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION

55. 55 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Tax Depreciation Methods INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION Illustration 11A-2

56. 56 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Illustration: Computer and peripheral equipment purchased by Denise Rode Company on January 1, 2011. INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION

57. 57 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Illustration 11A-3 INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION Illustration:

58. 58 LO 8 Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Illustration: Using the rates from the MACRS depreciation rate schedule for a 5-year class of property, Rode computes depreciation as follows Illustration 11A-4 Illustration 11A-5 INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION

59. 59 LO 8 Describe income tax methods of depreciation. Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System Additional Issues  Optional straight-line method.  Tax versus book depreciation. INCOME TAX DEPRECIATION

60. 60 RELEVANT FACTS  The definition of property, plant, and equipment is essentially the same under GAAP and IFRS.  Under both GAAP and IFRS, changes in depreciation method and changes in useful life are treated in the current and future periods. Prior periods are not affected. GAAP recently conformed to IFRS in this area.  The accounting for plant asset disposals is the same under GAAP and IFRS.  The accounting for the initial costs to acquire natural resources is similar under GAAP and IFRS.

61. 61 RELEVANT FACTS  Under both GAAP and IFRS, interest costs incurred during construction must be capitalized. Recently, IFRS converged to GAAP.  GAAP also views depreciation as allocation of cost over an asset’s life. GAAP permits the same depreciation methods (straight-line, diminishing-balance, units-of-production) as IFRS.

62. 62 End of Lecture 13