1. Nara Luísa Reis de Andrade, Luciana Sanches, Peter Zeilhofer, Segundo Durval Rezende Pereira, José de Souza Nogueira Environmental Physics Research Group Federal University of Mato Grosso Manaus, November 2008. Research conducted at: Relationship between litterfall and Modis vegetative index in a transitional forest of Mato Grosso (Sinop LBA test)

2. 1. Introduction Litterfall is an important component of the CO 2 cycle in seasonal tropical forests, guaranteeing nutrients and energy fluxes to the soil. Remotely sensed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were already shown to be a good measure of ground-based measurements of forest tree productivity in temperate and tropical moist evergreen forests. The knowledge on these relationships in the transitional semi-deciduous forests of the southern Amazon is little. In this paper we compare seasonal variations of litterfall measured at ground at the LBA Sinop test site with NDVI and EVI composites for five-year experiment.

3. Cover vegetation and biomass of Legal Amazon 2001 Source: INPE, 2003; WWF, 2000; IBGE, 1997; WHRC, 1992. 2. Site description Location of tower and arc of deforestion. Tower

4. Location of Transitional forest Amazônian Cerrado. 2. Site description Source: Voulitis et al. (2008); Priante-Filho (2004); Sanches et al. (2005); Vilani et al. (2006). Location: North of Mato Grosso Annual precipitation = 2.0 m Defined Season Duration of dry season = 3-5 months Average canopy = 25-30 m tall Leaf Area Index (LAI) = 2.5 - 6 m 2 m -2 Tower View over the canopy

5. 3. Material and Methods (a)Field Measurements: Rainfall and temperature (b)Litterfall collected (c)NDVI and EVI by MODIS products (d)Data analysis and derived quantities d.1 Monthly average of litterfall production d.2 Gap filling of litterfall production by linear regression to coincide with data of NDVI by MODIS product d.3 Moving average of litterfall production d.4 Singular Spectrum Analysis by software CatMV (Gistat) d.5 Relationship between : Original NDVI vs Moving total litter Reconstructed NDVI vs Moving total litter Original EVI vs Moving total litter Reconstructed NDVI vs Moving total litter

6. Tower: 41 m Measurements of rainfall and Temperature Measurements from 1999 – Until last Thursday (The tower has fallen due to strong winds) Rainfall and temperature measurements 3. Material and Methods TowerPluviometer

7. Source: Pinto-Júnior et al. (submitted) Box of 1 m 2 Collect: Monthly (n = 20 points) From 2001 to 2006 Litterfall Collect 3. Material and Methods Tower Collect points Location of boxes

8. NDVI and EVI MODIS Products 250 m resolution 16-day MODIS NDVI composites (Land Products, Collection 5, C5_MOD13Q1), obtained from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL DAAC). 3. Material and Methods

9. Singular Spectrum Analysis by software CatMV (Gistat) Original serie Reconstructed series (main ciclic component) 3. Material and Methods The CatMV for analysis of time series, which may contain missing values. The implemented algorithms result in extraction of additive components of time series such as trends and periodic components, with simultaneous filling in the missing data (if any).

10. Seasonality of Rainfall and Temperature Source: Sanches et al. (2008) 4. Results and discussion (a) Total monthly rainfall and (b) average monthly temperature for January 2001-07. For total monthly rainfall, annual totals (mm) are displayed for each year, while for average annual temperature, annual average temperature ( o C) is displayed for each year. Intervals between vertical dash lines represented a year. (a) (b)

11. Seasonality of Rainfall and Temperature Source: Sanches et al. (2008) 4. Results and discussion (a) Total monthly rainfall and (b) average monthly temperature for January 2001-07. For total monthly rainfall, annual totals (mm) are displayed for each year, while for average annual temperature, annual average temperature ( o C) is displayed for each year. Intervals between vertical dash lines represented a year. (a) (b) El Niño event of 2002 (Tolan, 2007) La Niña event

12. Seasonality of Rainfall and Temperature Source: Sanches et al. (2008) 4. Results and discussion (a) Total monthly rainfall and (b) average monthly temperature for January 2001-07. For total monthly rainfall, annual totals (mm) are displayed for each year, while for average annual temperature, annual average temperature ( o C) is displayed for each year. Intervals between vertical dash lines represented a year. (a) (b)

13. Seasonality of Rainfall and Temperature Source: Sanches et al. (2008) 4. Results and discussion (a) Total monthly rainfall and (b) average monthly temperature for January 2001-07. For total monthly rainfall, annual totals (mm) are displayed for each year, while for average annual temperature, annual average temperature ( o C) is displayed for each year. Intervals between vertical dash lines represented a year. (a) (b)

14. Source: Sanches et al. (2008) Inter-annual litter production 4. Results and discussion Average (+se; n = 20) leaf, stem, reproductive (flower + fruit) and total litter production for January 2001-07. Solid symbols are measured values and open symbols are interpolated or forecast values calculated using auto-regressive, integrated moving average (ARIMA) models.

15. Annual average litter production (2001-2006) 4. Results and discussion

16. Annual average NDVI and EVI (2001-2006)

17. Litterfall, NDVI and EVI 4. Results and discussion

18. CorrelationsRα (a) Original NDVI vs Moving total litter0.3100-0.0606 (b) Reconstructed NDVI vs Moving total litter0.6450-0.150 (c) Original EVI vs Moving total litter0.2302-0.0131 (d) Reconstructed NDVI vs Moving total litter0.5830-81.662 NDVI vs Litterfall, EVI vs Litterfall 4. Results and discussion

19. Considerations Seasonal and annual variations in litterfall dynamics were coincident with associated variations in NDVI and EVI by MODIS products after Singular Spectrum Analysis. Future work will include correlation studies between further ground measures (efflux, leaf area index) and additional MODIS products (original bands, EVI, fPar, LAI, NPP, GPP). Thus, future changes in seasonal and/or interannual rainfall patterns, whether in response to El Niño (Poveda et al., 2001) or to anthropogenic climate change (Giorgi et al., 2001), will likely have important direct and indirect consequences for the litter dynamics of Amazonian semi-deciduous forest.