1. Climate and management of alpine terraces Gabriele Cola, Luigi Mariani Università degli Studi di Milano Sondrio,2005 November 3

2. Speech resumé Aim: Aim: meso and microclimatic characterisation of alpine terraces of Sondrio province. - micro: Pianazzola (Vabregaglia) - micro/meso: Valtellina terraces with vineyards 1) Material and methods - data sources - algorithms 2) Climatology - Some comments on time series - Spatial analisys -> - Thermal and Radiative resources - Water resources (water balance)

3. Sources of climatic data - Servizio Idrografico (thermo-pluviometric network) - Arpa (meteorological network) - Centro Fojanini (agrometeorological network) - Ersaf (agrometeorological network) - Servizio Meteo dell’Aeronautica (synoptic network) - MeteoSvizzera (synoptic network – GTS)

4. List of weather stations

5. Weather stations – some data Time period for data collection : 1951-2004 Variables: Max/min temperatures (24 stations), Rainfall (49 stations) Analyzed data : 31752 monthly data (usually derived from daily data) Rainfall stations – Altitudinal distribution

6. Analysis of time series

7. Spatial variability – Yearly altitudinal gradients max T (1971-2000 - mean) min T (1971-2000 - mean)

8. Spatial variability – Yearly altitudinal gradients precipitation (1971-2000 - mean)

9. Spatial variability – Yearly altitudinal gradients used for temperature data homogenization MaximumMinimumMean January- 0.38- 0.46- 0.53 February- 0.37- 0.47- 0.56 March- 0.57- 0.63- 0.69 April- 0.59- 0.64- 0.68 May- 0.62- 0.63- 0.64 June- 0.64- 0.60- 0.56 July- 0.56 - 0.55 August- 0.54- 0.55- 0.56 September- 0.48 - 0.47 October- 0.44- 0.46- 0.47 November- 0.33- 0.42- 0.50 December- 0.29- 0.39- 0.49

10. TIME VARIABILITY Yearly mean temperature and rainfall from the selected area Algorithm: library STRUCCHANGE (R language - Zeileis et al., 2003). TEMPERATURE PRECIPITATION

11. SIMULTANEOUS RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE BREAKPOINT: MIDDLE ‘80 This breakpoint coincides with an abrupt change in macroscale Atlantic circulation After this breakpoint : Higher temperatures - Higher temperatures - Higher evapotranspirational losses - Lower rainfall Aridity increase

12. Reference period for data processing: 1971-2000 1. This period is the reference WMO normal for present climate 2.This choice could be incoherent considering the middle ’80 breakpoint 3.On the other hand the adoption of 1981-2000 period was problematic due to the sensible reduction of the number of stations in the dataset

13. GEOSTATISTICAL PROCESSING

14. DTM adopted for geostatistical analysis DTM : 20 x 20 m -> 3255 x 3493 = 11.369.715 cells -> sources: - Lombardia region dtm (20x20 m pixels) - SRTM dtm - Space Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (90x90 m pixels)

15. 1971-2000 MAPS – SOME EXAMPLES

16. MONTHLY FIELDS

17. MONTHLY PRECIPITATION (mm) – 1971-2000 Monthly data spatialization: Ordinary kriging Drawn isolines: 500-1000-2000 m June January 98 110 122 134 146 158 45 52 59 66 72 79

18. MONTHLY TEMPERATURES (°C) – 1971-2000 January – min T -22 -16 10 -4 1 June – max T 6 11 16 21 26 Monthly data spatialization: Ordinary kriging Drawn isolines: 500-1000-2000 m

19. YEARLY MEAN PRECIPITATION (mm)– 1971-2000

20. WATER BALANCE water balance model with monthly step Water availability for vineyards is evaluated by means of water balance model with monthly step Parameterisations for the model 1 - Maximum easily available water content: 45 mm 2 - Soil at field capacity at the beginning of the year 3 - Infiltration of the whole water excess 4 - Runoff – Natural Approach and Terrace approach 5 - Absence of water tables 6 - ET for reference crop calculated with Penman - Monteith equation (FAO irrigation paper n° 56) (assumptions: wind velocity = 2 m/s; relative humidity = 60% ) 7 - Crop coefficients adopted: jan=0.2; feb=0.2; mar=0.2; apr=0.6; maj=0.8; jun=0.95; jul=0.95; aug=0.95; sep=0.95; oct=0.95; nov=0.38; dec=0.2

21. RUNOFF TWO DIFFERENT APPROACHES : water balance referred to territory without terraces 1 – “Natural landscape” approach - water balance referred to territory without terraces obtained estimating runoff with a rational method Runoff%=ci_slope+ci_infil+ci_cover+ci_storage where ci_slope is the slope coefficient obtained with a logaritmic equation ( Ci_slope=0.0797*ln(slope)+0.0128 ) and other coefficients are function of class of soil infiltration, vegetation cover and surface storage. water balance referred to terraces 2 - ”Terraces” approach - water balance referred to terraces obtained applying a constant monthly runoff of 10%

22. EMPTY WATER CONTENT – 1° DAY Reservoir: 45 mm Natural landscape approachTerraces approach 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220

23. Evaluation of climate of Pianazzola terraces Aim Aim: define the agricultural vocation of Pianazzola terraces by means of resources and limitations analysis (match with Valtellina vineyards terraces – Denomination of origin zone - DOC area) Resources Resources: Radiation (PPAR) Temperature (Thermal Units – Winkler degree-days) Water (Precipitation, ET -> water balance) Limitations Limitations: Radiation (PPAR) Temperature (Frost, etc…) Water (water balance, easily available water content empty )

24. PPAR

25. WINKLER DEGREE_DAYS

26. YEARLY RAINFALL – MEAN – 1971-2000

27. EMPTY WATER CONTENT – 1° DAY NEVER EMPTY EMPTY IN DOCG AREA

28. Both Pianazzola terraces and Valtellina DOCG area (premium quality denomination of guaranteed origin zone) show: a good level of thermal resources (GDDW: 1100 -1800) a good level of radiative resources (PPAR: 2700 – 3200 MJ m -2 y -1 ) low risk of thermal limitations (not discussed) significant water limitation Pianazzola shows a significant water limitation due to water excess (the easily available water content never ends). On the other side the premium DOC Valtellina terraces ends the easily available water content after the second half of July -> this event stands as a quality enhancer for the premium DOC area higher suitability of Valtellina DOCG area for production of high quality wine. This is probably one of the main reasons that justify the higher suitability of Valtellina DOCG area for production of high quality wine. This aspect is particularly important in years with “summer Atlantic weather” (high precipitation levels) CONCLUSIONS