1. Contemporary Composition Seminar Fall 2012 Instructor: Prof. SIGMAN Thursday 14:00-16:00 Lecture VI

2. 0. Administrata Assignment II: due 내 일 ! Midterm Exam: 11 월 01 일 Review: 10 월 25 일 ?’s?

3. I. Prescriptive ( 규정하는 ) vs. Descriptive ( 기 술적인 ) Notation

4. A. Prescriptive Scoring Set of performance instructions ( 명령 ) No clear indication of sounding result ( 결과 ) E.g., Lachenmann, Pression and Guero

5. B. Descriptive Scoring Indication of sounding result, without a clear indication of how to produce the sounding result OR: The ideal interpretation ( 이상적인 성능 ) of the piece, which may or may not be possible to achieve E.g.: electronic works such as Stockhausen’s Studie II and Xenakis Mycenae alpha; also Xenakis, Evryali

6. C. Prescriptive or Descriptive? Most repertoire that we will study contains both prescriptive and descriptive elements 우리가 공부하게 될 대부분의 레퍼토리가 규정하는과 설명을 모두 요소를 포함.

7. II. Critical Music III: Cardew and Kagel

8. A. Cornelius Cardew

9. 1. Bio (1936-1981) 영국 사람 Performed on guitar ( 기 타 ) in the premiere of Boulez’ Le Marteau sans maître (learned guitar for this occasion) 1958-60: assistant to Stockhausen (and actually composed Stockhausen’s Carré) Maoist/leftist politics Killed by MI5 agent?

10. 2. Context: 영국, 1960s-70s

11. Common Associations

12. World War II: Bombings (Coventry, ca. 1945)

13. Cold War

14. Radical Visual Art and Cinema

15. Student Protests/Social Change

16. Musical Experimentalism and Institutionalised Music: Gavin Bryars and the Portsmouth Sinfonia “Popular” classical music as found source material ( 재 료 ) The Orchestra as material Performance experience/physical effort as a musical parameter (“uncontrolled variables”) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpJ6anurf uw http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hpJ6anurf uw

17. Leading Questions Music, institutions, and professionalism The role of the composer The role of notation Collective musical experience and democracy: the role of improvisation Music, value, “cheapness,” and capitalism The institutionalisation of the avant-garde High culture vs. low culture and society Music new music be “good” music?

18. 3. The Scratch Orchestra

19. John Cage Influence In 1958, Cardew first attended concerts of John Cage and David Tudor Introduced the music of Cage, Feldman, La Monte Young, Christian Wolff and others to English audiences in the 1960s Graphic scores Indeterminate notation Composer and intention

20. Improvisation: the AMM Cardew joined the AMM, an improvised music collective, in 1966 Spontaneous, unplanned ensembles Collective decision-making Any musicians could join performances Unconventional playing techniques Unconventional instruments http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDLmFLQ I-I http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iDLmFLQ I-I

21. Scratch Orchestra Origins Founded in 1969 by Cardew and Howard Skempton Members: musicians (students) and non- musicians (not ONLY specialists) Performed original compositions, popular classics, “Scratch music” (group structured improvisations), and improvisation “rituals”

22. Scratch Orchestra “Constitution” Ideals Group ritual ( 의 식 ) via improvisation Text scores and graphic scores that non- musicians could read and create Importance of the image Anti-academic perspective Collective experience Intersection of musical practices Use of unconventional, cheap ( 싼 ), and homemade instruments/electronics

23. Not Necessarily “English” Music Compilation of experimental English music from 1960-1977 Includes recordings of Scratch Orchestra performances http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9weaMqZ kH4w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9weaMqZ kH4w

24. 4. Treatise (1963-67) During this time, Cardew worked as a graphic designer ( 그래픽 디자이너 ) for a publisher 193-page score; 1 continuous line Notation: geometric elements “treated” to distortion processes For any instrument or group of instruments NOT a descriptive score: abstract relationships formed and maintained between symbol and musical material

25. Treatise: Score and Performance Examples http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C9nR903Bdcs http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=dy-k678En4I

26. 5. The Great Learning (1968-71) Texts: Confucius, translated by Ezra Pound In 7 “Paragraphs” Musical situations described and instructions provided For musicians and non-musicians Voices, organ, percussion instruments Communal, ritual experience Performed by The Scratch Orchestra

27. Great Learning Score Simple melodic and rhythmic patterns Repeated texts http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8- 4yl3Zvdo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d8- 4yl3Zvdo

28. 4. Music about Politics In 1974, Cardew wrote a book entitled Stockhausen serves Imperialism ( 제국주의 ) Maoist critique of Stockhausen and Cage

29. “We sing for the future!” and other songs ( 노래 ) In the 1970s, Cardew focused on writing music for the people (popular song), rather than only by the people (collective experiences) Marxist/Maoist texts Clear political messages Renaissance English music influences http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eed1xXeD ElI http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eed1xXeD ElI

30. B. Mauricio Kagel

31. 1. Bio (1931-2008) Born in Argentina, immigrated to Germany Worked in Cologne Highly influential on 2 generations of (mostly German) composers Known for work in music theatre Absurdism ( 부조리 ) and humour ( 유머 )

32. 2. Instrumental Theatre: Match (1964) “Contest” ( 경기 ) between 2 cellists Referee ( 심판 ) = percussionist Extremely difficult cello parts Music about music

33. Match Score and Film http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=8hnJzwI3-fs

34. 3. Theatre of the Absurd: Staatstheater (1967-70) For chorus, orchestra, corps de ballet (of non- dancers) Satire ( 풍자 코메디 ) of the conventions of opera and theatre http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuM8sYuZ Pp8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IuM8sYuZ Pp8

35. 4. Historical Music: Ludwig van (1970) What happened in 1770? Film As in Lachenmann’s Accanto: the banality ( 진부 ) of Classical music in contemporary culture Endless repetition and distortion of Beethoven themes = endless, meaningless repetition and distortion of performers http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_embedded&v=_-KoEofNim4#! http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=play er_embedded&v=_-KoEofNim4#