1. AP Human Geography
Ptolemy’s First World Map, c. AD 150

2. What is Geography?
Geography is a representation of the whole known world together with the phenomena which are contained therein.
Ptolemy, Geographia 2nd Century A.D.
Geography is the science of place. Its vision is grand, its view panoramic. It sweeps the surface of the Earth, charting the physical, organic and cultural terrain, their areal differentiation, and their ecological dynamics with humankind. Its foremost tool is the map.
Leonard Krishtalka, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, 20th Century A.D.

3. What is Geography?
Geography is the study of what is where and why it’s there.
Mr. Buck

4. Okay, but what exactly is it?
Well, it’s a way of thinking about intellectual problems, both natural and societal, which emphasizes the importance of spatial relationships.. Take any social, environmental, or physical question or problem and ask yourself whether there is a spatial aspect to it. Chances are that space and place play a role in the explanation and distribution of that question.
Mike Reed, Making It Up As I Go
For example:
Why are so many plant and animal species becoming extinct at the end of the twentieth century?
Why do there always seem to be been so many wars in Africa?
Why is corn such an important part of a traditional Mexican diet?
Why are some beers known as India Pale Ales?

5. Divisions of Geography
Physical Geography Human Geography
Rocks and Minerals Population
Landforms Settlements
Soils Economic Activities
Animals Transportation
Plants Recreational Activities
Water Religion
Atmosphere Political Systems
Rivers and Other Water Bodies Social Traditions
Environment Human Migration
Climate and Weather Agricultural Systems
Geography is a bridge between the natural and social sciences. Geography is a holistic or synthesizing science.

6. What is Human Geography?
The study of how people make places, how we organize space and society, how we interact with each other in places and across space, and how we make sense of others and ourselves in our locality, region, and world.

7. Geography is a spatial study
This means that geographers look at the way humans interact within and with their space.
Spatial – of or pertaining to space on or near the Earth’s surface
how are things organized on Earth?
how do they appear on the landscape?
why? where? so what?

8. in London’s Soho District
Spatial distribution
What processes create and sustain the pattern of a distribution?
Map of Cholera Victims
in London’s Soho District
in 1854.
The patterns of victim’s homes and water pump locations helped uncover the source of the disease.

9. Key Geographic Concepts
Location
Where is it?
Space
Patterns and regularities across Earth – depicted on maps; What is it like there?
Place
Unique location of everything on Earth; What makes a place unique?

10. Key Geographic Concepts cont…
Scale
truth is scale dependent, phenomena you study at one scale (e.g. local) may well be influenced by developments at other scales (e.g. regional, national, or global)
Pattern
e.g. migration patterns, diffusion of cultures, languages, religions etc.

11. Key Geographic Concepts cont…
Region
Areas formed by distinctive combinations of features; What do areas have in common?
Interconnections (Globalization)
Relationships of places and regions; How does one area relate to another?

12. History of Geography
The oldest existing map appears on a clay tablet made in Babylonia before 2000 B.C.
They developed the system of dividing a circle into 360 degrees.
Greek and Roman geographers measured (not always accurately) and devised a grid system of latitudes and longitudes
Ptolemy (2nd c. CE) created first index of locations using grid

13. Ptolemy’s Map

14. The First Geographers Eratosthenes (273-192 BC) Father of Geography
First to use term
Geographica
Calculated circumference of the Earth
Produced map of “Known World”

16. Advances in Geography included:
al Idrisi – Muslim geographic compiler – master of “known world” circa 1050 CE

17. Exploration - 12th to 18th c.
Portugal leads the early explorations – practical in nature
The astrolabe, caravel (ship) and compass assist mariners from Europe who must map what they find
In 1730, John Harrison discovered longitude.

18. Alexander von Humboldt (1769-1859)
Naturalist
Traveled extensively
Scientific descriptions
Focused on humanity’s interaction with nature
First to include humans as part of natural world

19. Carl Ritter (1779-1859) Organic view of geography Universal laws
Anatomy of the Earth

20. Carl Sauer ( )
Rejected “environmental determinism” [human behavior is determined by one’s physical environment]
His ideas
Cultural Landscape = visible imprint of human activity on the landscape
Possibilism = one’s natural environment only limits the range of choices available to a culture

21. Environmental Determinism
Is when human behavior, individually and collectively, is strongly affected by-even controlled or determined by-the physical environment; climate is the critical factor in how humans behave.

22. Possibilism
When the natural environment merely serves to limit the range of choices available to a culture.
Choices a culture makes depends on their needs and levels of technology
Environmental constraints are less binding as a culture increases its level of technology

23. Example of Possiblilism

24. The Cultural Landscape
The result of the natural environment and all of the changes to it as a result of a particular culture. (Carl Sauer)
Environmental Determinism: environment is primary determinant of culture.
Possibilism: humans are primary determinant of culture.

25. The Natural Landscape
Physical characteristics of a locale

26. The Cultural Landscape
Visible expression of human activity on the landscape
Created by Carl Sauer
Has layers of imprints from years of human activity.
Successive occupiers bring own technological and cultural traditions and transform the landscape

27. Cultural Landscape cont…
Sequent Occupance –
Layers of imprints in a cultural landscape that reflect years of differing human activity.
When an area has been occupied and transformed by successive residents
Area remains imprinted with each successive occupation which creates the cultural landscape

28. Sequent Occupance
Athens, Greece ancient Agora surrounded by modern buildings

29. Sequent Occupance Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
African, Arab, German, British, and Indian layers to the city.
Apartment in Mumbai, India
Apartment in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

30. The Five Themes of Geography

31. WHERE DID THE 5 THEMES COME FROM?
The 5 Themes of Geography originated by the National Geographic Society to fulfill a need for geographers (people who study the earth and everything on it) categorize everything they learn. These 5 places are easy to remember. Just say the word “PRILM”.

32. WHAT IS “PRILM”?
PRILM is a mnemonic device that can be used to help remember what the 5 Themes of Geography are. Simply put, take the first letter of each Theme to create the word PRILM. They are:
Place
Region
Interaction (Human-Environment)
Location
Movement

33. Where is AIDs?
Where do we find hunger?
Where are American blacks?
Where are cows produced?

34. Describing Distributions

35. Describing Distributions

36. Diffusion
Relocation
Hierarchical
Contagious
Stimulus

39. Tobler’s 1st Law of Geography
All things are related. However, all other things being equal, those things that are closest together are more related.
Related Concepts:
Distance Decay

40. Place and Sense of Place
Every place is unique. Imagine where you lived as a child. What made that special?
Sensory
Architecture
Symbolic
Humanistic Geography - values the individual perspective.
Place and Placelessness (Relph, 1978)

41. What kinds of cultural values are reflected in each of these American houses?
Gated community?

42. Climate Characteristics
Areas where certain climates can be found

44. Environmentally Determined?
N.Y.C.
Environmentally Determined?

45. What about Bali,
Indonesia?

46. Key Concepts: Core-Periphery
U.S., Europe, Japan, Australia
Wealthy
Powerful
Controls Media and Finance
Technologically advanced
Periphery
Less Developed
Poor
Dependent upon Core countries for:
Education
Technology
Media
Military Equipment

47. Key Concepts: Core-Periphery

48. Globalization
The increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, political, and cultural change. The economic, cultural, and environmental effects of globalization are highly contested.
Panama, 1997

49. Location Location: Where something is Absolute Location
Describes the exact location of a place.
Often described using Latitude and Longitude or an exact address (14051 Spriggs Rd.)

50. Location Relative Location
Describes where a place is in relation to something else.
Ex: Hylton is between Bottom Dollar & Saunders Middle School

51. There are three basic types of maps:
PHYSICAL
POLITICAL
THEMATIC

52. Physical Maps Show natural features of Earth.
Do not contain man made features
For example, it would appear as if you were looking down on Earth from space.

53. Political Maps -show how humans impact landscape.
ie:city names, roads, country borders
-change frequently (physical maps change very, very slowly through geologic processes) and must be redrawn often. political map of the world that is 50 years old is no longer accurate.
-wars and ethnic conflict are two major causes political maps change.

54. Thematic Maps
represent variety of information ie:climate, precipitation, vegetation, elevation, population, life expectancy
generally used when looking at single piece of info

55. Map Projection Distortion
Whenever we attempt to take a round globe and make it flat, we run into a problem.
It is impossible to take a round Earth and make it look flat without stretching or “messing up” part of the earth.
This part that gets messed up is called:
Distortion

56. Distortion There are several ways that a map can be distorted: Shape:
The shape of the landmasses change
Area:
The size of the landmasses change
Distance:
The distances between the landmasses change
The directions between the landmasses change
Direction:

57. Mercator Projection
It is distorted greatly at the poles and is least distorted near the equator. (ex: Greenland is huge compared to South America)
This projection is useful for ship navigation because the directions are accurate.

58. Polar Projection
The major problem with this projection is that it does not show all of the earth at one time.
It is useful for airplane navigation because distance is shown correctly

59. Robinson Projection The most commonly used map It minimizes distortion
It is used most often for Data Representation because it has minimal distortion.

60. Interrupted Projection
Shows correct sizes and shapes of landmasses by cutting out parts of oceans
Impossible to measure distances accurately

61. Information can come from a variety of Geographic Sources
GIS - Geographic Information Systems
This system collects information from a variety of sources and compiles it by computer into useful forms.

62. Information can come from a variety of Geographic Sources
Satellite Images
Images taken from space have a variety of different uses:
Weather
Cartography
Defense

63. Aerial Photography &
Remote Sensing

65. Orientation Compass Rose North Which way is up?
Maps will usually give you a way to determine orientation.
This may be a single direction arrow or a compass rose. NE NW
East
West SE SW
South

66. Mental Maps
An image or picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual’s perception, impression, and knowledge of that space; also known as a cognitive map.

68. Isoline

69. Isoline - Contour

70. Dot map

71. Choropleth

72. Cartogram

73. Latitude and Longitude
Lay down L O N G W A Y s

74. Lines Longitude lines run north and south.
Latitude lines run east and west.
Measure distances in degrees.
Latitude
Longitude

75. Latitude
Lines of latitude are measured north and south of the equator and are also called parallels

76. Longitude
Lines of Longitude are measured east or west of the Prime Meridian and are also called Meridians 0º

77. The Global Grid: Using Latitude and Longitude
Coordinates
Every measurement using latitude and longitude has a set of coordinates.
One coordinate will be for degrees latitude north or south of the equator
Ex: 30º North lat. is this line
30º South lat. is this line
The other coordinate will be degrees east or west of the Prime (Greenwich) Meridian
Ex 30 º East Longitude is this line
30 º West Longitude is this line
Put the two together and you have a location
Ex: 30 ºN, 30 ºE
Latitude should always be listed first. Your north/south will be before your east/west coordinate.

78. Hemispheres Hemisphere (part or half of the world)
The earth is divided into 4 hemispheres: North, South, East, and West.
We live in the Northern and Western Hemispheres

79. Where is 0 degree? Equator equator is 0 degree latitude.
imaginary belt that runs halfway point between North Pole and South Pole.
Equator

80. Where is 0 degree? prime meridian is 0 degrees longitude.
imaginary line runs through United Kingdom, France, Spain, western Africa, and Antarctica.

83. Directions Cardinal directions are north, south, east, and west.
Intermediate directions are northeast, southeast, southwest and northwest.

84. Map Legends Objects or colors represent something on map.
Religions Legend

85. Time Zones
Earth divided into 24 time zones, corresponding to 24 hours in day.
As earth rotates, sun shines in different areas, moving from east to west during course of day.
Places that have the same longitude will be in same time zone.

88. Map Scale

89. Size and Scale
Scale: tells us the relationship between the distance on the map and the true distance on the surface of the Earth.
Scale can be represented 3 different ways:
Local
Regional
Global

90. Scale

91. Scale is a powerful concept because:
Processes operating at different scales influence one another.
What is occurring across scales provides context for us to understand a phenomenon.

92. How to use the Scale
To calculate distance measure the distance on the map and then place on the scale to measure the true difference
Be careful to make sure you have the correct unit.
Many maps have both miles and kilometers

93. Comparing maps of different scale
Different maps need to show different levels of detail.
Sometimes you need to show a lot detail for a small area, and sometimes you need to show little detail of a larger area.
A Large-Scale Map shows a small area with large details.
It is good for detailed looks at small areas
A Small-Scale Map shows a large area with small details.
It is good for relative locations

94. Map Scales The smaller the right hand number the larger the map scale
1:75000 is a more detailed map than 1: which is a small scale map

96. Large-scale
Small-scale

98. Scale

99. Key Concepts REGION - an area that shares common characteristics
Formal - all members legally share a characteristic (U.S.A.)
Functional - defined by a node of activity and distance decay from center (i.e. cell phone coverage)
Vernacular – common perception of cultural identity (“Deep South”)

100. Regions: Areas of Unique Characteristics
Defined by certain unifying characteristics
All have boundaries which are sometimes evident but are determined by point of view or perception of the definer

101. Formal/Uniform Region
Areas where specific characteristics are uniform across space
Physical
Tibet
Cultural
Francophone World
Economic
European Union

102. Formal Region
This generalized land use map of Australia is composed of formal regions whose internal economic characteristics show essential uniformities, setting them off from adjacent territories or different conditions of use.

103. Functional/Nodal Regions
Specific social/economic relationships tie area together
Usually a “core” and “periphery”
Metropolitan area

104. Functional Region
The functional (or nodal) regions shown on this map were based on linkages between large banks of major central cities and the “correspondent” banks they served in smaller towns in the 1970’s, before the advent of electronic banking and bank consolidation.

105. Functional Regions

106. Functional Regions

107. Perceptual/Vernacular Regions
Ideas in our minds, based on accumulated knowledge of places and regions, that define an area of “sameness” or “connectedness.”
e.g. “the South” or the “Bible Belt”
Most are determined by local residents and may not be recognized by outsiders

108. Vernacular Regions

111. The 455 million people of North America produce more goods and consume more resources than those on any other continent. Canada and the United States share a 5,500- mile (8,850-kilometer) border, the longest and one of the friendliest anywhere.
Some 75 percent of the more than 260 million people in the United States live in towns and cities. Yet farmers, accounting for less than 2 percent of the population, lead the world in production of soybeans and corn.

112. The continent has a relatively small population of only 319 million
The continent has a relatively small population of only million. The population of Brazil almost equals that of all the other South American countries combined. Industry accounts for one-third of the continent's economic activity.

113. From 1990 to 1995 the countries of Europe mushroomed from 33 to 43, most of which have access to the ocean. In these countries live 686 million people who speak some 80 languages.

114. Africa is home to 53 independent countries and 720 million people
Africa is home to 53 independent countries and million people. Africa's population is expanding by 3 percent a year, the highest growth rate of any continent.

115. Asia consists of more than 40 countries
Asia consists of more than 40 countries. Its population exceeds three billion. Asia has the distinction of having the most populous country in the world, China.

116. Despite abundant claims to the Antarctic landmass, in the parties to the Antarctic Treaty proposed rules to safeguard the continent's environment and to prohibit mining for at least 50 years.

117. The vastness of the oceans has long isolated this country continent
The vastness of the oceans has long isolated this country continent. In this land that is virtually the same size as the contiguous United States, sheep outnumber the 18 million people.

118. 9 Nations of North America