2.  Henry VII – Welsh nobleman who seized the throne after the War of the Roses  Lancaster = red  York = white  Henry combined to make the “Tudor Rose”  Henry VIII  Edward VI – 16 when king, died young  Mary I – “Bloody Mary,” killed over 300 Protestants  Elizabeth I – amazing, the “Virgin Queen"

3.  the rejection of the pope and the Italian churchmen  a time of internal reform in the church and criticism from those who chose to break away  Pope Paul III investigated the selling of indulgences (religious pardons) and other abuse.

4.  Late 1400s  few people could read or write  French word meaning “rebirth”  changes in values, beliefs, and behaviors  Most people were Roman Catholic.

5.  renewed interest in classical learning (the writings of ancient Greece and Rome)  People learned Greek and reformed the Latin that they read, wrote, and spoke.  People became more curious about themselves. It brought a renewal of human spirit, curiosity, and creativity.

6.  Leonardo da Vinci - widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time & revered for his technological ingenuity  1. Mona Lisa  2. The Last Supper  Galileo - a Tuscan physicist, mathematician, astronomer, and philosopher who played a major role in the Scientific Revolution

7.  Columbus - was a navigator, colonizer and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean (funded by Queen Isabella of Spain) led to general European awareness of the American continents  Michelangelo – Pope Julius II commissioned him to paint the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City

8.  Johannes Gutenberg – a German who invented printing with moveable type printing press  This allowed the first printing of a complete book around 1445

9.  gave new answers to the questions: “What is a human being?” “What is a good life?”  The aim of life is to attain virtue, not success, money, or fame, because virtue is the best possible possession and the only source of true happiness.  Two of the most famous Renaissance humanists:  1. Thomas More – wrote Utopia (a book of famous insights on human society)  2. Desiderius Erasmus

10.  1483 – 1546  Monk who founded a new Christianity based on his personal understanding of the Bible, not what the pope said  German Protestant

11.  King Henry VIII wanted to divorce his wife  Pope would not grant it  King Henry declared himself head of the Church of England  Henry appointed a new archbishop of Canterbury who annulled the marriage  Thomas More (and many others) did not recognize Henry as the head of the church  Henry had his friend executed by beheading!

12.  Her cousin Mary was in line for the throne  Plotted for 20 years to have the Queen killed  The queen finally had her beheaded

13.  Queen Elizabeth died childless  Her 2 nd cousin, James VI of Scotland was her successor (1603 – 1625)  He was the son of beheaded Mary  Followed by his son, Charles I  Powerful subject had him beheaded in 1649  England was ruled by Parliament & Puritan dictator Oliver Cromwell  Charles II returned from exile in France, 1660, to rule

14.  John Milton was the last great writer of the Renaissance  Famous for Paradise Lost  Scientific truths were soon to challenge long-accepted religious beliefs.  Thus ends the Renaissance…

15.  conceit – fanciful comparison of 2 different things  meter – pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables (rhythmic beat)  foot – meter’s basic unit (one stressed and one or more unstressed syllables)  iamb – a foot  Iambic Pentameter – a line of poetry made up of 5 iambs (Shakespeare uses)  caesura – a pause

16.  octave – eight lines (abba abba)  sestet – 6 lines (cdecde)  quatrain – 4 lines  couplet – 2 lines