1. Church Reform and the Crusades
Between AD
Vikings destroy monasteries and centers of learning
Priests cannot read
Popes are immoral and corrupt
Bishops cared more about their lordships than worship

2. Monastic Revival and Church Reform
Led by monasteries
Return to basic principles of religion
Expanded power of the church
Called the Age of Faith
Problems in the Church
Village priests were marrying
Simony – positions in church were sold by bishops
Lay investiture put kings in control of bishops
Reformers felt they should be appointed by the church

3. Reforms Begin at Cluny
Reform is based on hardships – not material possessions
Church Organization
Restructured to resemble a kingdom with the pope in charge
Pope has advisors – called papal curia
Church acted as a court
Created Canon Law – law of the church
Marriages
Divorce
Inheritance
Church collects taxes in form of a tithe – 1/10 of income
Cared for the sick and poor
Took over hospitals

4. Friars and Women
Friars – traveling preachers; owned nothing; survived on begging
Religious orders of women:
Were allowed to participate in the revival
Stayed in convents
Lived in poverty
Cared for sick and poor

5. Cathedrals Illustrated wealth of church Romanesque: 800-1100 Arches
Heavy roof
Thick walls and pillars
Small windows
Gothic Style: –
* vaulted ceilings
* lots of light
* stained glass
* “City of God”

6. The Crusades Muslims threatened Constantinople
Urban II called for a Holy War = Crusade
Goal: recover Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks
Causes of Crusading Spirit:
Economic Motives
Merchants made money by: 1. making cash loans to finance the crusades, 2. leased ships, 3. hoped to win key trade routes
Religious Motives
Overwhelming support: lords, peasants and knights
Knights become crusaders: wear red crosses on tunics, yelled “God wills it”, few returned from battle – if died in battle then guaranteed a spot in Heaven

7. First and Second Crusade
First Crusade:
Ill prepared
Did not know climate, culture or geography of Holy Land
No strategy or specific leader
No supply line
Second Crusade:
Regained Edessa
Still lost the crusade

8. Third and Fourth Crusade
Third Crusade:
Led by Powerful Monarchs: Augustus (French King); Frederick I (Barbarossa – German Emperor); Richard the Lion Hearted (English King)
Barbarossa drowned on the journey
Augustus got mad at Richard and went home
Left Richard to battle Saladin for Jerusalem
Ended in a truce – Muslims maintained control but unarmed Christians could visit the Holy places
Fourth Crusade:
Pope Innocent III calls for another crusade to retake Jerusalem
It fails

9. Dwindling Spirit of the Crusades
Crusades cause a permanent split between Constantinople (Church of the East) and Rome (Church of the West)
Became about personal gain
Children’s Crusade:
Unarmed children marched to Jerusalem
Believed that God would deliver Jerusalem to them
They either:
Died of cold and starvation
Drowned at sea
Turned back
Were sold into slavery

10. Spanish Crusade Muslims in Spain were called Moors
Reconquista – long effort by Spain to drive out Muslims
Inquisition:
Lead by Ferdinand and Isabella (Spanish Monarchs)
Goal: unify country and consolidate power under Christian rule
Anything but Christian beliefs were heresy
Captured and tortured all that were not Christian
If they confessed they were burned at the stake
Eventually they expel all Jews and Muslims from Spain

11. Effects of the Crusade Failures lessened power of the pope
Weakened feudal nobility
1000’s of knights lost lives and fortunes
Positive side:
Stimulated trade

12. Trade, Towns and Financial Revolution
A growing food supply:
Expanding populations required more food
This required new ideas and technology in farming
Began to farm cold regions
Began to use horses (oxen had been cheap but slow; horses were more expensive but faster)
Cleared forests for farmland
Three Field System
If had 600 acres
200 for winter crop
200 for spring crop
200 remain fallow
This increase food supply (better variety and nutrition) which resulted in population increase (larger families that were more resistant to disease and lived longer)

13. Trade and Finance Expands
Expands due to population growth
Trade routes expand
Fair Days – peasants would bring wares for trade (most common was cloth)
Would come from long distances
Guilds – association of people that work the same trade (unions)
Controlled crafts and trade; wages and prices
Enforced standards of quality; Ex: bread – same size, weight and price
Only masters could be guild members
Apprenticed for 6-9 years and had to make a “masterpiece”

14. Financial Revolution
Trade was expensive: before you could take goods to trade and make a profit, you had to buy the supplies to make the product
This required loans
A sin called usury prevented Christians from loaning money at an interest
Jews could loan money

15. Urban Splendor Reborn Medieval towns were tiny and primitive
But as trade grew so did towns
Many from the manors left for better opportunities in the towns
Disadvantages of townlife
Narrow streets filled with animals
Waste dumped in front of homes – no sewers
Never bathed
Cramped wood/thatch houses
Fire hazard
No fresh air
Serfs could become free if they lived in the town for a year and a day

16. Revival of Learning
Word university – group of scholars meeting anywhere (it did not refer to a building)
Most were sons of burghers (town dwellers) or wealthy artisans
Goal: job in government or church
Most wrote in Latin
Some began to write in the vernacular (everyday language of their homeland)
Since most did not speak Latin, this brought literature to most everyone for the first time