1. Parental behavior varies along at least two dimensions –Responsiveness/Acceptance –Control (“Demandingness”)

2. Authoritarian Low acceptance/responsiveness High control Power-assertive discipline Ex: “Do it because I say so” More likely to use physical punishment

3. Authoritative High acceptance/responsiveness Moderate control –Set clear standards and consistently enforce rules –Responsive to children’s needs and point of view

4. Discipline based on reasoning/explanation –“It’s not ok to hit people because it hurts them.”

5. Permissive High acceptance/responsiveness Low control –Make few demands for mature behavior

6. Neglecting/Disengaged Low acceptance/responsiveness Low control

7. Authoritarian Childhood: Anxious Unhappy Dependent/Easily Frustrated (esp. girls) Hostile/Aggressive (esp. boys)

8. Authoritarian Adolescence: Poorer social skills and lower academic achievement than children of authoritative parents Better school performance and less problem behavior (e.g., drug use, truancy) than children of permissive or neglecting parents

9. Authoritative Childhood: –High self-esteem –High self-control –Generally positive mood

10. Authoritative Adolescence: –Good social skills –High academic achievement –Low in problem behaviors (e.g., drug use, truancy)

11. Permissive Childhood: Low self-control Overly demanding and dependent on adults

12. Permissive Adolescence: –Low academic achievement –More problem behaviors (e.g., truancy; drug use)

13. Neglecting/Disengaged Childhood: –Low self-control –Low self-esteem –Disturbed attachment relationships (disorganized)

14. Neglecting/Disengaged Adolescence: –Low academic achievement –Poor social skills –Many problem behaviors Truancy, drug use, delinquency, sexual promiscuity, depression

15. Parenting styles (and their “effects”) may not generalize to all ethnic/cultural groups

16. Rudy & Grusec (2006) Examined correlates (parental emotion and cognition) of authoritarian parenting in individualist and collectivist cultural groups Examined relations between children’s self-esteem and –Authoritarian parenting –Parental emotion and cognition

17. Hypotheses (Within-Groups): Authoritarianism and negative maternal emotion and cognition would be related only in the individualist group Authoritarianism would be more strongly negatively associated with children’s self-esteem in the individualist group Maternal emotion and cognition would be related to children’s self-esteem in individualist and collectivist groups

18. Method Mothers and their 7- to 12-year-old children living in Toronto (33 dyads in the collectivist group, 32 in the individualist group)

19. –Mothers completed questionnaire measures assessing Parental warmth toward the child General negative affect toward the child Positive view of the child Negative cognitions: discipline situation Anger: discipline situation Authoritarianism Collectivism –Children completed a measure of self-esteem

20. Results H4: Within the individualist group only, authoritarianism was associated with maternal emotion and cognition (Table 2, p. 74) H5: Maternal authoritarianism was not associated with children’s self-esteem in either group

21. H6: Maternal emotion and cognition were associated with children’s self-esteem in both groups (Table 3, p. 75) Overall, findings suggest that authoritarianism may have different meanings in different cultural groups