1. Parenting and Development

2. Parenting
Diana Baumrind

3. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness

4. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love

5. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take

6. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness

7. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy

8. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy
6. High Power

9. Dimensions of Parenting
1. Punitiveness
2. Withdrawal of Love
3. Encourages give-and-take
4. Demandingness
5. Restricts Autonomy
6. High Power
7. Firm Control

10. Authoritarian
Punitive varies
Love w/drawal varies
Give & take low
Demands high
Autonomy low
Exerts power high
Firm control high

11. What does the Authoritarian parent do?
Attempts to shape, control, and evaluate the child’s behavior and attitudes based on the parent’s own set of standards, which are usually rigid and absolute
Values obedience, believes in keeping the child in his/her place and in restricting the child's autonomy
Does not encourage verbal give-and-take; believes child should take the parent's word for what’s right

12. Authoritarian Permissive
Punitive varies low
Love w/drawal varies varies
Give & take low high
Demands high low
Autonomy low high
Exerts power high low
Firm control high low

13. What does the Permissive parent do?
Consults with the child about all decisions
Makes few demands regarding chores & responsibilities
Does not view herself as a resource as an active agent responsible for shaping or changing the child's behaviors
Allows child to regulate own activities
Avoids exercising control

14. Authoritarian Permissive Authoritative
Punitive varies low low
Love w/drawal varies varies low
Give & take low high high
Demands high low moderate
Autonomy low high moderate
Exerts power high low moderate
Firm control high low high

15. What does the Authoritative parent do?
Encourages verbal give-and-take
Shares with child the reasons behind expectations and rules
Values both autonomy and disciplined conformity
Exerts consistent and firm, but not excessive, control
Affirms child's qualities but sets standards of behavior
Does not base decisions solely on child's desires

16. outcomes of authoritarian parenting
low social & cognitive competence
low self-esteem
little initiative
anxious, withdrawn
when frustrated, respond with hostility
boys: anger and defiance
girls: dependence and retreat from challenge
if authoritarian and punitive: more severe problems

17. outcomes of permissive parenting
immature
low impulse control
little responsibility
little independence
disobedient of demands that conflict with own desires
demanding of adults
aggression

18. outcomes of authoritative parenting
high social and cognitive competence
self-reliant, self-controlled
moral maturity
girls: high achievement orientation
boys: high social cooperation

20. Neglecting/Uninvolved Parenting
Low responsiveness
Low demandingness/control
May be neglectful
Sometimes related to parental depression
Outcomes: antisocial behavior, poor self-regulation, low academic and social competence

21. Effective versus ineffective discipline strategies
Effective Remain Calm
Pick battles
Negotiate from a position of authority
Be authoritative, but respect the child’s autonomy
Be consistent
Be contingent
Ineffective Harsh language or behavior
Personal attacks
Threats (particularly idle threats)
Lack of follow through
Permissiveness
Long winded explanations

22. Responding to negative emotions
Anger, Fear, Hurt/Disappointment
Reinforce the distinction between words and actions
Do not negate or suppress the expression of negative emotions in pro-social ways
Contain and withstand child’s emotions

23. Parent Child
Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.

24. Parent Child Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.

25. Parent Child Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
Parents tend to parent different children differently

26. Parent Child Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
Parents tend to parent different children differently
Parents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.

27. Not a unidirectional relation!
Parent Child
Child’s temperament influences parental behaviors.
Child’s characteristics influence outcomes of discipline.
Parents tend to parent different children differently
Parents of hyperactive children change their parenting style when their children go on medication.
Not a unidirectional relation!

28. The Transition to Parenthood: Preparing for a chronic emergency

29. Transition to Parenthood
Cross-sectional Studies
marital satisfaction declines over the first 15 years of marriage
similar curves for parents and non-parents, but childless couples tend to be more satisfied
U shaped curve (but least satisfied couples may have divorced…)

30. Transition to Parenthood
Longitudinal Studies
marital satisfaction declines after birth of baby
lack of comparison group of childless couples
continuity over time in new parents’ marital quality
babies don’t appear to create severe stress where it was not present before
initially, babies do not bring parents closer together

31. a normal consequence of the transition to parenthood is polarization

32. Changes in…
identity and inner life

33. Changes in… identity and inner life
the roles and relationships within the marriage

34. Changes in… identity and inner life
the roles and relationships within the marriage
the three-generational roles and relationships

35. Changes in… identity and inner life
the roles and relationships within the marriage
the three-generational roles and relationships
roles and relationships outside of the family

36. Changes in… identity and inner life
the roles and relationships within the marriage
the three-generational roles and relationships
roles and relationships outside of the family
new parenting roles and expectations

38. Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality

39. Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
Communication skills of both parents

40. Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
Communication skills of both parents
Realistic expectations about what the baby will bring

41. Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
Communication skills of both parents
Realistic expectations about what the baby will bring
Division of labor in ways that are consistent with both parents’ beliefs

42. Factors that affect the quality of the couple relationship during the transition
Capacity to balance individuality and mutuality
Communication skills of both parents
Realistic expectations about what the baby will bring
Division of labor in ways that are consistent with both parents’ beliefs
Conflict management skills (regulation of affect)

43. Marriage is a developmental phenomenon rooted in the individual’s early family experience

44. Marital satisfaction affects parental competence