1. Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 CHAPTER NINE Using Arrays and File Handling

2. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling2 Objectives ►Initialize an array ►Initialize an array with default values ►Access array elements using a loop ►Use ReDim [ Preserve ] to resize an array

3. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling3 Objectives ►Determine the number of elements in an array using the Length property ►Use the For Each loop (read-only iteration) ►Initialize two-dimensional arrays

4. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling4 Objectives ►Read a text file ►Write to a text file ►Calculate depreciation ►Use multiple Form objects ►Access Variable objects on other forms

5. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling5 Introduction

6. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling6 Introduction to Arrays ►An array is a collection of data of the same type. It is implemented in VisualBasic as an object. ►Each individual item in array that contains a value is called an element ►Arrays provide access to data by using a numeric index, or subscript, to identify each element in the array

7. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling7 Declaring/Initializing an Array ►To declare an array in a program, you must include an array declaration statement, which states the name of the array, how many items it can store, and what sort of data it can store ►When a number (size declarator) is not used in the declaration statement to state the size of the array, the array is implicitly sized, meaning that the number of values is determined when the array is created. 300 is the upper bound of the array. This array actually contains 301 elements (zero-based indexing)

8. 9 Example Array Declarations Dim names(1) as String names(0) = “Jack” names(1) = “Marge” Dim names( ) as String = {"Jack", "Marge"} Dim names as String( ) names = New String() {"Jack", "Marge"} ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- MsgBox(names(0),, "First Name") MsgBox(names(1),, "Second Name") MsgBox("Array size for names is " & names.Length,, "Array Size") Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling8

9. 9 9 Default Data Types Data TypeDefault Value Any numeric data type0 Reference data typeNull Boolean data typeFalse

10. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling10 Initializing an Array ►Parallel arrays store related data in two or more arrays

11. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling11 Accessing Array Elements Using a Loop

12. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling12 Introduction to Arrays ►The Visual Basic compiler determines if each subscript is within the boundaries set when you initialized the array (bounds checking). If a subscript is out of range an IndexOutOfRangeException exception is generated. ►An array may be declared using a constant value representing the upper- bound index of the array ►Every array in Visual Basic is considered dynamic, which means that you can resize the array at run time ►The ReDim statement assigns a new array size to the specified array variable ReDim arrayX(50) All data in the array will be lost ►If you want to preserve the existing data you can use the keyword Preserve Ex: ReDim Preserve arrayX(100)

13. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling13 Using the Length Property ►The Length property of an array contains the number of elements in an array (1 less than upper bound)

14. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling14 Using Arrays

15. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling15 The For Each Loop

16. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling16 The For Each Loop

17. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling17 Scope of Arrays ►The scope of an array declared within a procedure is local to that procedure, but an array can be declared as a class level variable

18. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling 18 Passing an Array [ pass a reference… ] ►An array can be passed as an argument to a Sub procedure or a Function procedure ( book page 666 )

19. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling19 Sorting an Array [ Use Array class ]

20. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling20 Searching an Array ►Searching each element in an array is called a sequential search ►The BinarySearch method searches a sorted array for a value using a binary search algorithm The binary search algorithm searches an array by repeatedly dividing the search interval in half

21. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling21 Creating a Two-Dimensional Array ►A two-dimensional array holds data that is arranged in rows and columns ►A two-dimensional array can also be described as an “array of arrays”.

22. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling22 Creating a Two-Dimensional Array

23. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling23 File Handling ►To process data more efficiently, many developers use text files (or binary files) to store and access information for use within an application ►Text files have an extension that ends in.txt ►A simple text file is called a sequential file (actually it is usually called an ascii text file)

24. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling24 Reading a Text File ►To open a text file, you need an object available in the System.IO namespace called a StreamReader

25. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling25 File Processing Classes ►System.IO namespace File Processing Classes ►File [ open, close, exists, … ] ►BinaryReader [ binary files ] ►BinaryWriter ►StreamReader [ text files ] ►StreamWriter

26. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling26 Reading a Text File ►To determine whether the end of the file has been reached, use the Peek procedure of the StreamReader object

27. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling27 Reading a Text File ►Open the code editing window by clicking the View Code button on the Solution Explorer toolbar. Click inside the frmDepreciation_Load event ►Initialize the variables. ►Create a StreamReader object ►Open the text file and assign the reference to the StreamReader object Declare the StreamReader object by typing Dim objReader As IO. And an IntelliSense window opens. Select StreamReader. Press ENTER. Finish declaring the rest of the variable names ►Verify that the inventory.txt data file is available

28. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling28 Reading a Text File Dim objReader as IO.StreamReader If IO.File.Exists(“e:\inventory.txt”) Then objReader = IO.File.OpenText(“e:\inventory.txt”) Else MsgBox(“The file is not available.”,, “Error”) Me.close() End If Dim ObjReader as New IO.StreamReader( “…” )

29. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling29 Reading a Text File ►To read each line of the text file: insert a Do While loop that continues until the Peek procedure returns the value of -1. Specify that the ReadLine( ) procedure reads each line of the text file. Use the variable intCount to determine the index of each array element ►After the data file has been read, close the file. Insert an Else statement that informs the user if the file cannot be opened and closes the application

30. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling30 Reading a Text File

31. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling31 Writing to a Text File ►Writing to a text file is similar to reading a text file. The System.IO namespace also includes the StreamWriter class which is used to write a stream of text to a file

32. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling32 Writing to a Text File

33. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling33 Computing Depreciation ►Depreciation is the decrease in property value and the reduction in the balance sheet value of a company asset to reflect its loss of value through age and wear and tear ►The simplest and most common, straight-line depreciation, is calculated by dividing the purchase or acquisition price of an asset by the total productive years the asset can reasonably be expected to benefit the company, which is called the life of the asset

34. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling34 Computing Depreciation ►The double-declining balance depreciation method is like the straight-line method doubled

35. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling35 Using Multiple Form Objects ►In the Solution Explorer, right-click the project file name Depreciation. Point to Add on the shortcut menu, and then point to New Item on the submenu ►Click New Item. In the Add New Item dialog box, click Windows Form in the Templates area, and then type frmDisplayInventory.vb in the Name text box ►Click the Add button in the Add New Item dialog box. A second Form object opens in the Visual Basic 2008 window named frmDisplayInventory.vb. In the Properties window, change the Text property of the frmDisplayInventory object to Sorted Inventory Listing

36. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling36 Using Multiple Form Objects

37. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling37 Startup Objects ►Every application begins executing a project by displaying the object designated as the Startup object

38. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling38 Creating an Instance of a Windows Form Object ►To display a second or subsequent form, the initial step in displaying the form is to create an instance of the Windows Form object ►When creating multiple Windows Form objects, Visual Basic allows you to generate two types of forms: modal and modeless A modal form retains the input focus while open [ ShowDialog( ) ] A modeless form allows you to switch the input focus to another window [ Show( ) ]

39. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling39 Creating an Instance of a Windows Form Object

40. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling40 Accessing Variables on Other Forms ►You control the availability of a variable by specifying its access level, or access specifier

41. 9 Application Class ►If you have an application with multiple forms (windows), you can exit the “application” and close all the open forms (windows) by using the Exit method of the Application Class. ►Application.Exit( ) Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling41

42. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling42

43. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling43 Program Design

44. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling44 Designing the Program Processing Objects

45. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling45 Designing the Program Processing Objects

46. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling46 Designing the Program Processing Objects

47. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling47 Summary ►Initialize an array ►Initialize an array with default values ►Access array elements using a loop ►Use ReDim to resize an array

48. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling48 Summary ►Determine the number of elements in an array using the Length command ►Use the For Each loop ►Initialize two-dimensional arrays ►Read a text file

49. 9 Chapter 9: Using Arrays and File Handling49 Summary ►Write to a text file ►Calculate depreciation ►Use multiple Form objects ►Access Variable objects on other forms

50. Microsoft Visual Basic 2008 CHAPTER 9 COMPLETE Using Arrays and File Handling