1. Political Organization

2. Social differentiation
Individuals may have different access to resources, power, and prestige
Egalitarian
Rank
Stratified

3. Social differentiation
Individuals may have different access to resources, power, and prestige
Egalitarian Societies
No one is denied access to resources
No one has power over others
Social positions not limited -many elders
See individual differences, not power
Use generalized or balanced reciprocity
Associated with tribes or bands

4. Social differentiation
Individuals may have different access to resources, power, and prestige
Rank Societies
Formal differences between those with power, prestige and those without
Everyone has access to basic resources
Use redistribution and balanced reciprocity based on horticulture and pastoralism
Associated with chiefdoms

5. Social differentiation
Individuals may have different access to resources, power, and prestige
Stratified Societies
Formal and permanent social and economic inequality
Some individual and groups denied access to basic resources
Market economy based on agriculture and industrialism
Associated with complex state level political organization

6. Power and Social Control
Ascribed status – based on birth
Achieved status – based on individual accomplishment

7. Power and Social Control
Power – the ability to make people take actions they might not prefer
Based on control of resources
Authority – ability to persuade others to take actions based on characteristics such as honor, status, knowledge, ability, respect

8. Power and Social Control
Political Ideology – the shared values and beliefs that legitimize distribution and uses of power and authority
When few in society accept ideology, more reliance on power and coercion

9. Power and Social Control
Political processes – how groups and individuals use power and authority to achieve public goals
How power changes hands
How new political organization develops
Leadership – the ability direct an enterprise or action

10. Power and Social Control
Factions – informal alliances within political units such as lineage, village, or political party

11. Power and Social Control
Rebellion – attempt of one group to change access to resources within an existing political structure
Revolution – attempt to overthrow existing political structure and replace with another structure

12. Power and Social Control
Law
Society likes conformity to norms and values
How to deal with non-normative behavior
Shame, accusations of witchcraft, avoidance, supernatural sanctions (sin to Santa Claus)
Law – when social norm is important enough to be enforced through punishment

13. Types of Political Organization
Political Organization – ways power is used in society to regulate behavior
Political organization is related to social complexity – number of groups and their interrelation
Bands egalitarian
Tribes egalitarian
Chiefdoms rank
States stratified

14. Types of Political Organization Band Societies
Band – small group of nuclear families associated with a territory where they forage
Generalized or balanced reciprocity
Minimal role specialization, differences of wealth, prestige, power
Exogamous marriage – to bond with others
Bilateral kinship – many bonds
Flexible membership

15. Types of Political Organization Band Societies
Leadership
No formal leadership
Leaders are elders with knowledge
Decision by consensus
Social control and conflict resolution
Controlled informally by gossip, ridicule, avoidance
Bands do not engage in warfare, usually retreat
Bands not free of conflict or violence, to resolve interpersonal conflict before it spreads to group individuals may leave group, or have song contest

16. Types of Political Organization Tribal Societies
Tribe – a people who think of themselves as descended from the same ancestor or as part of the same people
Reciprocity and redistribution, also market
Egalitarian like bands
Unilineal kin groups that own resources
Horticultural and pastoral

17. Types of Political Organization Tribal Societies
Political integration
Age set or age grade – group of people of similar age and sex who move through life stages together
Secret societies
Segmentary lineage system – many descent groups form at different levels
Complementary opposition – higher order units of segmentary lineage form alliances and emerge when lower order units come into conflict

18. Types of Political Organization Tribal Societies
Leadership
Leaders, but no centralized government
Leaders for different jobs, Cheyenne war and peace
Bigman of New Guinea, leader who gains power and authority through personal acheivements
Social Control and Conflict Resolution
Informal and formal
Cheyenne police during summer Buffalo Hunt
Nuer Leopard Skin Chief mediator
New Guinea payment of compensation

19. Types of Political Organization Tribal Societies
High Degree of Warfare
Regulate balance between population and resources
Ecologocal: Populations grows, need more land for horticulture
Patrilineal, patrilocal societies make more use of war

20. Types of Political Organization Chiefdoms
Chiefdom – a society with social ranking politically integrated by the chief
Made up of parts that are structurally different like villages
Common in cultivating and pastoralist societies where food is plentiful
Tribute paid to Chief, then goods and services redistributed

21. Types of Political Organization Chiefdoms
Leadership
Chief is centralized government, chiefdom inherited
Ranked society, some lineages are higher status
Social Control and Conflict Resolution
Lower internal violence than tribes because chief can judge, punish, and resolve disputes
Maintained through fear and respect of chief

22. Types of Political Organization State Societies
State – a hierarchical, centralized government has legal monopoly over the use of force
Rely on citizenship over kinship
Arise because of ecology, integration or conflict
Ecology – limited land, high population, losers of conflict subordinate to winners
Integration – benefits of stability, protection, trade, defense
Conflict – protecting power and privileges of elite

23. Types of Political Organization State Societies
Centralized Government
An interrelated set of status roles separate from social organization such as kinship
Concerned with making and enforcing public policy
Intervenes in economic process
Taxes, controls labor
Encourages long distance trade, Regulate exchange and distribution, keeping peace, safe travel
Military functions
Rise of Cities
Recordkeeping leads to writing, cities develop with science, art, architecture, philosophy specialization

24. Types of Political Organization State Societies
Social stratification
Intensive agriculture supports cities, specialization
Elite has control of central government
Hegemony-construction of values and beliefs that attempt to justify stratification system
Keep public in control enough to ward off rebellion and revolution as threats to elite authority

25. Anthro contribution non-adversarial dispute resolution