Intermediate Accounting

Intermediate Accounting
kieso weygandt warfield INTERMEDIATE ACCOUNTING team for success Intermediate Accounting F I F T E E N T H E D I T I O N Intermediate Accounting Prepared by Coby Harmon University of California, Santa Barbara Westmont College Prepared by Coby Harmon University of California, Santa Barbara Westmont College Prepared by Coby Harmon University of California, Santa Barbara

Intermediate Accounting Kieso Weygandt Warfield
PREVIEW OF CHAPTER 22 Intermediate Accounting 15th Edition Kieso Weygandt Warfield

22 Accounting Changes and Error Analysis LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Identify the types of accounting changes. Describe the accounting for changes in accounting principles. Understand how to account for retrospective accounting changes. Understand how to account for impracticable changes. Describe the accounting for changes in estimates. Identify changes in a reporting entity. Describe the accounting for correction of errors. Identify economic motives for changing accounting methods. Analyze the effect of errors.

Accounting Changes Accounting Alternatives:
Diminish the comparability of financial information. Obscure useful historical trend data. Types of Accounting Changes: Change in Accounting Policy. Changes in Accounting Estimate. Change in Reporting Entity. Errors are not considered an accounting change. LO 1

Changes in Accounting Principle
Change from one accepted accounting policy to another. Examples include: Average cost to LIFO. Completed-contract to percentage-of-completion method. Adoption of a new principle in recognition of events that have occurred for the first time or that were previously immaterial is not an accounting change. LO 2

Three approaches for reporting changes: Currently. Retrospectively. Prospectively (in the future). FASB requires use of the retrospective approach. Rationale - Users can then better compare results from one period to the next. LO 2

Retrospective Accounting Change Approach Company reporting the change Adjusts its financial statements for each prior period presented to the same basis as the new accounting principle. Adjusts the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities as of the beginning of the first year presented, plus the opening balance of retained earnings. LO 3

Retrospective Accounting Change: Long-Term Contracts Illustration: Denson Company has accounted for its income from long-term construction contracts using the completed-contract method. In 2014, the company changed to the percentage-of- completion method. Management believes this approach provides a more appropriate measure of the income earned. For tax purposes, the company uses the completed-contract method and plans to continue doing so in the future. (Assume a 40 percent enacted tax rate.) LO 3

Illustration 22-1 LO 3

Journal entry beginning of 2014
Changes in Accounting Principle Data for Retrospective Change Illustration 22-2 Construction in Process 220,000 Deferred Tax Liability 88,000 Retained Earnings 132,000 Journal entry beginning of 2014 LO 3

Reporting a Change in Principle Major disclosure requirements are as follows. Nature of the change in accounting principle. The method of applying the change, and: A description of the prior period information that has been retrospectively adjusted, if any. The effect of the change on income from continuing operations, net income (or other appropriate captions of changes in net assets or performance indicators), any other affected line item. The cumulative effect of the change on retained earnings or other components of equity or net assets in the balance sheet as of the beginning of the earliest period presented. LO 3

Reporting a Change in policy Illustration 22-3 LO 3

Retained Earnings Adjustment Retained earnings balance is $1,360,000 at the beginning of 2012. Illustration 22-4 Before Change LO 3

Retained Earnings Adjustment After Change Illustration 22-5 LO 3

E22-1 (Change in Principle—Long-Term Contracts): Pam Erickson Construction Company changed from the completed-contract to the percentage-of-completion method of accounting for long-term construction contracts during For tax purposes, the company employs the completed-contract method and will continue this approach in the future. (Hint: Adjust all tax consequences through the Deferred Tax Liability account.) LO 3

E22-1 (Change in Principle—Long-Term Contracts): Instructions: (assume a tax rate of 35%) (b) What entry(ies) are necessary to adjust the accounting records for the change in accounting principle? (a) What is the amount of net income and retained earnings that would be reported in 2015? Assume beginning retained earnings for 2013 to be $100,000. LO 3

E22-1: Pre-Tax Income from Long-Term Contracts Journal entry for 2014 Construction in Process 190,000 Deferred Tax Liability 66,500 Retained Earnings 123,500 LO 3

Statement of Retained Earnings
Changes in Accounting Principle E22-1: Comparative Statements Income Statement Statement of Retained Earnings LO 3

Direct and Indirect Effects of Changes Direct Effects - FASB takes the position that companies should retrospectively apply the direct effects of a change in accounting principle. Indirect Effect is any change to current or future cash flows of a company that result from making a change in accounting principle that is applied retrospectively. LO 3

Impracticability Companies should not use retrospective application if one of the following conditions exists: Company cannot determine the effects of the retrospective application. Retrospective application requires assumptions about management’s intent in a prior period. Retrospective application requires significant estimates that the company cannot develop. If any of the above conditions exists, the company prospectively applies the new accounting principle. LO 4

Changes in Accounting Estimate
Examples of Estimates Uncollectible receivables. Inventory obsolescence. Useful lives and salvage values of assets. Periods benefited by deferred costs. Liabilities for warranty costs and income taxes. Recoverable mineral reserves. Change in depreciation methods. LO 5

Prospective Reporting Changes in accounting estimates are reported prospectively. Account for changes in estimates in the period of change if the change affects that period only, or the period of change and future periods if the change affects both. FASB views changes in estimates as normal recurring corrections and adjustments and prohibits retrospective treatment. LO 5

Illustration: Arcadia High School purchased equipment for $510,000 which was estimated to have a useful life of 10 years with a salvage value of $10,000 at the end of that time. Depreciation has been recorded for 7 years on a straight-line basis. In 2014 (year 8), it is determined that the total estimated life should be 15 years with a salvage value of $5,000 at the end of that time. Required: What is the journal entry to correct prior years’ depreciation expense? Calculate depreciation expense for 2014. No Entry Required LO 5

First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate.
After 7 years Changes in Accounting Estimate Equipment cost $510,000 Salvage value ,000 Depreciable base 500,000 Useful life (original) years Annual depreciation $ 50,000 First, establish NBV at date of change in estimate. x 7 years = $350,000 Balance Sheet (Dec. 31, 2013) Fixed Assets: Equipment $510,000 Accumulated depreciation 350,000 Net book value (NBV) $160,000 LO 5

Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal answers.
Changes in Accounting Estimate Net book value $160,000 Salvage value (if any) ,000 Depreciable base 155,000 Useful life years Annual depreciation $ 19,375 Second, calculate depreciation expense for 2014. Journal entry for 2014 Depreciation expense 19,375 Accumulated depreciation 19,375 Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal answers. LO 5

Disclosures Companies need not disclose changes in accounting estimate made as part of normal operations, such as bad debt allowances or inventory obsolescence, unless such changes are material. However, for a change in estimate that affects several periods (such as a change in the service lives of depreciable assets), companies should disclose the effect on income from continuing operations and related per-share amounts of the current period. LO 5

Change in Reporting Entity
Examples of a change in reporting entity are: Presenting consolidated statements in place of statements of individual companies. Changing specific subsidiaries that constitute the group of companies for which the entity presents consolidated financial statements. Changing the companies included in combined financial statements. Changing the cost, equity, or consolidation method of accounting for subsidiaries and investments. Reported by changing the financial statements of all prior periods presented. LO 6

Accounting Errors Types of Accounting Errors:
A change from an accounting principle that is not generally accepted to an accounting policy that is acceptable. Mathematical mistakes. Changes in estimates that occur because a company did not prepare the estimates in good faith. Failure to accrue or defer certain expenses or revenues. Misuse of facts. Incorrect classification of a cost as an expense instead of an asset, and vice versa. LO 7

Accounting Errors Accounting Category Type of Restatement
Illustration 22-18 Accounting-Error Types Accounting Category Type of Restatement Expense recognition Recording expenses in the incorrect period or for an incorrect amount. Revenue recognition Instances in which revenue was improperly recognized, questionable revenues were recognized, or any other number of related errors that led to misreported revenue. Misclassification Include restatements due to misclassification of short- or long-term accounts or those that impact cash flows from operations. Equity—other Improper accounting for EPS, restricted stock, warrants, and other equity instruments. Reserves/Contingencies Errors involving accounts receivables’ bad debts, inventory reserves, income tax allowances, and loss contingencies. Long-lived assets Asset impairments of property, plant, and equipment; goodwill; or other related items. LO 7

Accounting Errors Accounting Category Type of Restatement Taxes
Illustration 22-18 Accounting-Error Types Accounting Category Type of Restatement Taxes Includes instances in which revenue was improperly recognized, questionable revenues were recognized, or any other number of related errors that led to misreported revenue. Equity—other comprehensive income Improper accounting for comprehensive income equity transactions including foreign currency items, minimum pension liability adjustments, unrealized gains and losses on certain investments in debt, equity securities, and derivatives. Inventory Inventory costing valuations, quantity issues, and cost of sales adjustments. Equity—stock options Improper accounting for employee stock options. Other Any restatement not covered by the listed categories. Source: T. Baldwin and D. Yoo, “Restatements—Traversing Shaky Ground,” Trend Alert, Glass Lewis & Co. (June 2, 2005), p. 8. LO 7

Accounting Errors All material errors must be corrected.
Record corrections of errors from prior periods as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained earnings in the current period. Such corrections are called prior period adjustments. For comparative statements, a company should restate the prior statements affected, to correct for the error. LO 7

Example of Error Correction
Illustration: In 2015 the bookkeeper for Selectro Company discovered an error. In 2014 the company failed to record $20,000 of depreciation expense on a newly constructed building. This building is the only depreciable asset Selectro owns. The company correctly included the depreciation expense in its tax return and correctly reported its income taxes payable. LO 7

Selectro’s income statement for 2014 with and without the error. Illustration 22-19 What are the entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes? LO 7

Illustration 22-19 Entries that Selectro should have made and did make for recording depreciation expense and income taxes. Illustration 22-20

Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal complete illustration.
Example of Error Correction Illustration 22-20 Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal complete illustration. LO 7

Prepare the proper correcting entry in 2015, that should be made by Selectro. Illustration 22-20 Retained Earnings 12,000 Correcting Entry in 2015 LO 7

Prepare the proper correcting entry in 2015, that should be made by Selectro. Illustration 22-20 Reversal Retained Earnings 12,000 Correcting Entry in 2015 Deferred Tax Liability 8,000 LO 7

Prepare the proper correcting entry in 2015, that should be made by Selectro. Illustration 22-20 Retained Earnings 12,000 Correcting Entry in 2015 Deferred Tax Liability 8,000 Accumulated Depreciation—Buildings 20,000 LO 7

Single-Period Statements Illustration: Selectro Company has a beginning retained earnings balance at January 1, 2015, of $350,000. The company reports net income of $400,000 in 2015. Illustration 22-21 LO 7

Accounting Errors Comparative Statements Company should
make adjustments to correct the amounts for all affected accounts reported in the statements for all periods reported. restate the data to the correct basis for each year presented. show any catch-up adjustment as a prior period adjustment to retained earnings for the earliest period it reported. LO 7

Accounting Errors Before issuing the report for the year ended December 31, 2014, you discover a $62,500 error that caused the 2013 inventory to be overstated (overstated inventory caused COGS to be lower and thus net income to be higher in 2013). Would this discovery have any impact on the reporting of the Statement of Retained Earnings for 2014? Assume a 20% tax rate. LO 7

Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal answers.
Accounting Errors Advance slide in presentation mode to reveal answers. LO 7

Accounting Errors Summary of Accounting Changes and Correction of Errors Illustration 22-23 LO 7

Summary of Changes and Errors
Illustration 22-23 LO 7

Accounting Errors Motivations for Changes of Accounting Method
Why companies may prefer certain accounting methods. Some reasons are: Political costs. Capital Structure. Bonus Payments. Smooth Earnings. LO 8

Error Analysis Companies must answer three questions:
What type of error is involved? What entries are needed to correct for the error? After discovery of the error, how are financial statements to be restated? Companies treat errors as prior-period adjustments and report them in the current year as adjustments to the beginning balance of Retained Earnings. LO 9

Error Analysis Balance Sheet Errors
Balance sheet errors affect only the presentation of an asset, liability, or stockholders’ equity account. Current year error - reclassify item to its proper position. Prior year error - restate the balance sheet of the prior year for comparative purposes. LO 9

Error Analysis Income Statement Errors
Improper classification of revenues or expenses. Current year error - reclassify item to its proper position. Prior year error - restate the income statement of the prior year for comparative purposes. LO 9

Error Analysis Balance Sheet and Income Statement Errors
Counterbalancing Errors Will be offset or corrected over two periods. 1. If company has closed the books: If the error is already counterbalanced, no entry is necessary. If the error is not yet counterbalanced, make entry to adjust the present balance of retained earnings. For comparative purposes, restatement is necessary even if a correcting journal entry is not required. LO 9

Counterbalancing Errors Will be offset or corrected over two periods. 2. If company has not closed the books: If error already counterbalanced, make entry to correct the error in the current period and to adjust the beginning balance of Retained Earnings. If error not yet counterbalanced, make entry to adjust the beginning balance of Retained Earnings. LO 9

Noncounterbalancing Errors Not offset in the next accounting period. Companies must make correcting entries, even if they have closed the books. LO 9

Error Analysis E22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries): A partial trial balance of Julie Hartsack Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2015. Instructions: (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? LO 9

Error Analysis (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2015, totaled $1,100. Supplies Expense ($2,700 – $1,100) 1,600 Supplies on Hand 1,600 2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2015, amounted to $4,400. Salary and Wages Expense 2,900 Accrued Salaries and Wages 2,900 LO 9

Error Analysis (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2015. Interest Revenue ($5,100 – $4,350) 750 Interest Receivable 750 4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2015. Insurance Expense 25,000 Prepaid Insurance 25,000 LO 9

Error Analysis (a) Assuming that the books have not been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 5. $28,000 was received on January 1, 2015 for the rent of a building for both 2015 and The entire amount was credited to rental income. Rental Income ($28,000 ÷ 2) 14,000 Unearned Rent 14,000 6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000. Depreciation Expense 45,000 Accumulated Depreciation 45,000 LO 9

Error Analysis E22-19 (Error Analysis; Correcting Entries) A partial trial balance of Dickinson Corporation is as follows on December 31, 2015. Instructions: (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? LO 9

Error Analysis (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 1. A physical count of supplies on hand on December 31, 2015, totaled $1,100. Retained Earnings 1,600 Supplies 1,600 2. Accrued salaries and wages on December 31, 2015, amounted to $4,400. Retained Earnings 2,900 Accrued Salaries and Wages 2,900 LO 9

Error Analysis (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 3. Accrued interest on investments amounts to $4,350 on December 31, 2015. Retained Earnings ($5,100 – $4,350) 750 Interest Receivable 750 4. The unexpired portions of the insurance policies totaled $65,000 as of December 31, 2015. Retained Earnings 25,000 Prepaid Insurance 25,000 LO 9

Error Analysis (b) Assuming that the books have been closed, what are the adjusting entries necessary at December 31, 2015? 5. $24,000 was received on January 1, 2015 for the rent of a building for both 2015 and The entire amount was credited to rental income. Retained Earnings 14,000 Unearned Rent 14,000 6. Depreciation for the year was erroneously recorded as $5,000 rather than the correct figure of $50,000. Retained Earnings 45,000 Accumulated Depreciation 45,000 LO 9

Change From The Equity Method
APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Change From The Equity Method Change from the equity method to the fair-value method. Earnings or losses previously recognized under the equity method should remain as part of the carrying amount of the investment. The cost basis is the carrying amount of the investment at the date of the change. The investor applies the new method in its entirety. At the next reporting date, the investor should record the unrealized holding gain or loss to recognize the difference between the carrying amount and fair value. LO 10 Make the computations and prepare the entries necessary to record a change from or to the equity method of accounting.

Dividends in Excess of Earnings
APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Dividends in Excess of Earnings Accounted for such dividends as a reduction of the investment carrying amount, rather than as revenue. Reason: Dividends in excess of earnings are viewed as a ________________ with this excess then accounted for as a reduction of the equity investment. liquidating dividend LO 10

APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Dividends in Excess of Earnings Illustration: On January 1, 2013, Investor Company purchased 250,000 shares of Investee Company’s 1,000,000 shares of outstanding stock for $8,500,000. Investor correctly accounted for this investment using the equity method. After accounting for dividends received and investee net income, in 2013, Investor reported its investment in Investee Company at $8,780,000 at December 31, On January 2, 2014, Investee Company sold 1,500,000 additional shares of its own common stock to the public, thereby reducing Investor Company’s ownership from 25 percent to 10 percent. LO 10

APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Dividends in Excess of Earnings Illustration 22A-1 LO 10

Impact on Investment Carrying Amount
APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Impact on Investment Carrying Amount Illustration 22A-2 2014 and 2015 Cash 400,000 Dividend Revenue 400,000 Cash 210,000 Equity Investments (AFS) 60,000 Dividend Revenue 150,000 2016 LO 10

Change To The Equity Method
APPENDIX 22A CHANGING FROM OR TO THE EQUITY METHOD Change To The Equity Method Companies use retrospective application. The carrying amount of the investment, results of current and prior operations, and retained earnings of the investor are adjusted as if the equity method has been in effect during all of the previous periods. Companies also eliminate any balances in the Unrealized Holding Gain or Loss—Equity account and the Securities Fair Value Adjustment account. LO 10

RELEVANT FACTS - Similarities
The accounting for changes in estimates is similar between GAAP and IFRS. Under GAAP and IFRS, if determining the effect of a change in accounting policy is considered impracticable, then a company should report the effect of the change in the period in which it believes it practicable to do so, which may be the current period. LO 11 Compare the procedures for accounting changes and error analysis under GAAP and IFRS.

RELEVANT FACTS - Differences
One area in which GAAP and IFRS differ is the reporting of error corrections in previously issued financial statements. While both sets of standards require restatement, GAAP is an absolute standard—that is, there is no exception to this rule. Under IFRS, the impracticality exception applies both to changes in accounting principles and to the correction of errors. Under GAAP, this exception applies only to changes in accounting principle. IFRS (IAS 8) does not specifically address the accounting and reporting for indirect effects of changes in accounting principles. As indicated in the chapter, GAAP has detailed guidance on the accounting and reporting of indirect effects. LO 11

ON THE HORIZON For the most part, IFRS and GAAP are similar in the area of accounting changes and reporting the effects of errors. Thus, there is no active project in this area. A related development involves the presentation of comparative data. Under IFRS, when a company prepares financial statements on a new basis, two years of comparative data are reported. GAAP requires comparative information for a three-year period. Use of the shorter comparative data period must be addressed before U.S. companies can adopt IFRS. LO 11

IFRS SELF-TEST QUESTION
Which of the following is false? GAAP and IFRS have the same absolute standard regarding the reporting of error corrections in previously issued financial statements. The accounting for changes in estimates is similar between GAAP and IFRS. Under IFRS, the impracticality exception applies both to changes in accounting principles and to the correction of errors. GAAP has detailed guidance on the accounting and reporting of indirect effects; IFRS does not. LO 11

Which of the following is not classified as an accounting change by IFRS? Change in accounting policy. Change in accounting estimate. Errors in financial statements. None of the above. LO 11

IFRS requires companies to use which method for reporting changes in accounting policies? Cumulative effect approach. Retrospective approach. Prospective approach. Averaging approach. LO 11

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