1. Working in Groups Acknowledgements to Coover V, Deacon E, Esser C, et al. Resource manual for a living revolution: a handbook of skills and tools for social change activists. Philadelphia: New Society, 1985.

2. Key ideas Describing how groups work (or don’t) The functions that make up group work Leadership and facilitation Problems in groups Conflict resolution

3. Describing our own groups Cohesiveness (shared goals & values, trust) Climate Pressures (sources of, management of, impact of) Goals (short, medium and long term) Effectiveness (internal process, external action) Structure (roles, relationships, process rules, leadership) Standards (expectations, sanctions, evaluation & learning) Governance (accountability, turn-over, orientation)

4. Group functions Functions for effective action –initiate –seek / give information –seek / give opinion –clarify –elaborate –coordinate –develop procedures –summarise –reflect Functions for the group –encourage –express feelings –relieve tension –compromise –facilitate communication –set standards –set goals –interpret –listen and follow Functions for action and for the group harmonise and mediate test agreement evaluate

5. Leadership Think ahead; know the issues; bring ideas Clarify feelings; acknowledge people’s feelings and help to clarify how feelings and attitudes are shaping discussion Sense, understand and help to manage the tensions and dynamics Bring back to big picture (and how it shapes our feelings) Summarise discussion, articulate emerging themes Articulate the issues for consideration; help to order the discussion / decision process Encourage others to develop leadership skills

6. Decision making in groups Voting Consensus Power Others?

7. Facilitation Environment and resources Clarify goals and tasks Manage the agenda Clarify process for consideration and decision Articulate uncertainties Affirm and appreciate Ensure involvement and commitment Maintain energy and enthusiasm Evaluation Finalisation

8. Problems in groups Blocking Dominating Special-interest pleading Attention-seeking Non-participating Jumping around Low morale Lack of focus Hurt feelings Nagging Bad vibes Distracting

9. Conflict resolution Prevention Clarify and make explicit the issues (and the feelings) Affirm the feelings; separate the issues Active listening and ‘I statements’ Others