1. Scientific Influence: An Analysis of Main Path Structure in the Journal of Conflict Resolution Kathleen M. Carley 1, Norman P. Hummon 2, Martha Harty 1 Knowledge: Creation, Diffusion, Utilization Vol 14 No 4, June 1993 417-447 1 Carnegie Mellon University 2 University of Pittsburgh Kathleen Padova, November 4, 2014

2. Impact 14 1 st level citations in WoS Core Collection – 135 2 nd level citations 30 1 st level citations in Google Scholar – 880 2 nd level citations

3. Impact

4. Main Path Analysis “a single main path contains the key intellectual developments in the field and work by the acclaimed founders appears on the main path” Prior main path work by authors – DNA theory (Hummon and Doreian 1990) – Measures of centrality in social network research (Hummon, Doreian, and Freeman 1990)

5. Main Path Analysis Fig 4. DNA Main Stream- Hummon, N. P., and P. Doreian. 1989. Connectivity in a citation network: The development of DNA theory. Social Networks 11:39-63. Watson & Crick, Constructed model of spatial molecular configuration of DNA, Nature, 1953

6. Case Study: Conflict Resolution Perform Main Path Analysis on emergence and eventual dissolution of discipline of Conflict Resolution Studied authorship and citations of the flagship publication – Journal of Conflict Resolution Analyzed in context of previous historical analysis of same subject (Harty and Modell 1991)

7. Case Study: Conflict Resolution Emerged in late 50s Intended to be interdisciplinary effort Formal publication only lasted 15 years (1957 – 1971) Research efforts split back into separate disciplines or splintered off Historical analysis provided context to dissolution Authors wanted to examine the literary structure of this development of conflict resolution in JCR Hypothesized the main path technique would fail to find a main path of conflict resolution development

8. Case Study: Journal of Conflict Resolution Examine the authors and citations of the 15 volumes of the Journal of Conflict Resolution Identify authors who had both authored and had been cited Map the connections to follow how ideas emerged and further developed Review the historical analysis to provide additional context to findings

9. Initial discoveries 530 citing articles written by 401 authors

10. Initial discoveries Distribution of author citations

11. Initial discoveries

12. Initial Map

13. Further analysis

14. Development Periods Dissolution Years – 1967 - 1971 Golden Years – 1961 - 1975 Pioneer Years – 1957 - 1960

15. Discipline map

17. Interpretation The Conflict Resolution movement remained multi-disciplinary, true interdisciplinary work was not occurring Authors tended to write one-off contributions and return to their main discipline Authors tended to stay clustered with other authors in the same domain with very little cross-discipline citations or co-authorship

18. Conclusion Main path diagrams map the intellectual influences and cross-fertilizations important to cumulative scientific progress Main path analysis combined with historical analysis, provides a richer, more detailed understanding of a historical period Historical analysis provides context of strong institutional influence Main path analysis can control for institutional influence and demonstrate the contributions of individuals

19. Discussion Given what we’ve seen thus far on the importance of cross-disciplinary integration, can it really be that hard? What actions do you think would make interdisciplinary research more likely to occur?