1. 1 DR. O. GEOFFREY EGEKWU Research Funded by the Institute for Infrastructure and Information Assurance (IIIA) James Madison University ISAT 303: RFID Overview

2. 2 Early Attempts to Integrate RF Technology with the Movement Tracking System

3. 3 Solutions for industrial and operations management:: Real time tracking – Where & When Identification – Who & What Security – Access Control & Alarming Telemetry – Data Collection & Transmission Persistent Historical Data Analysis

4. 4 RFID SEEN as an ENABLER … RFID seen as silent technology Knowledge-enabled logistics and control possible Application in multiple critical industrial sectors Tag read generates: receipt, acceptance, closeout, payment, inventory adjustment, update asset visibility system, Real-time asset locator system for many business and government systems RFID seen as a “silent” technology

5. 5 EPCglobal Network is the backbone of RFID Implementation Developed at MIT Auto ID lab with private and public funds Major Components of EPCglobal Network: Electronic Product Code (EPC) EPC Tags and Readers Object Name Service (ONS) Physical Markup Language (PML) or EPC Middleware Savant or EPC Information Services

6. 6 RFID Distributed Architecture

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10. 10 JMU SYSTEM

11. 11 System Component Roles/Responsibilities IntelliTrack Inventory Database Management User Interface (server and wireless) Tag Printing/Encoding TagsWare (CapTech, Richmond) Reader Control RFID Data Routing/Filtering

12. 12 System Capabilities IntelliTrack Slap and Ship EPC Compliance Labeling System Produces Pallet (SSCC) Labels Produces Case (SGTIN) Labels Validates Case and Pallet Labels Stores information required to produce Advance Shipping Notices (ASN) Stand alone solution Integrates seamlessly with IntelliTrack WMS 6.0

13. 13 EPC – Pallet Label Serialized Shipping Container Code (SSCC) Globally unique identifier for pallet contents Authorized company prefix + serialized # HeaderFilter ValuePartitionCompany Prefix Serial Reference Unallocated 83320-4037-1725 The Power of Unique Item Identification

14. 14 EPC - Case Label Global Trade Identification Number (GTIN) Globally unique identifier for product types UPC & EAN systems combined into global standard Authorized company prefix + product code Serialized Global Trade Identification Number (SGTIN) Globally unique identifier for particular cases of product GTIN + serialized # HeaderFilter ValuePartitionCompany Prefix Item Reference Serial Number 83320-4024-438 The Power of Unique Item Identification

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16. 16 Basic Passive RFID System at JMU VIDEO

17. 17 RFID Video

18. 18 PASSIVE RFID STANDARDS

19. 19 Standard….Standard …. Standard! < 140kHz 13.56MH 860-930MHz 2.4-2.4835GHz < 140kHz 13.56MHz 869.4-869.65MHz 2.446-2.454GHz < 140kHz 13.56MHz TBD UHF 2.427-2.47GHz

20. 20 Unified Protocol – Performance Comparison ParameterClass 0Class 1Gen 2 Read Rate US: 800 tags/sec EU: 200 tags/sec US: 200 tags/sec EU: 50 tags/sec US: 1700 tags/sec EU: 600 tags/sec RewriteabilityRead OnlyWrite OnceFully Rewritable Privacy24-bit Password8-bit Password -- 32-bit Password -- Concealed Mode Security -- Reader broadcasts OID, or -- Anonymous modes with reduced throughput Reader broadcasts partial OID -- Reader does not transmit OID -- Has authentication and encryption Regulatory Compliance North AmericaWorldwide Multi-Reader Environment -- Reader transmissions are spectrally separated from tag backscatter -- Reader transmissions interfere with tag backscatter -- Reader transmissions are spectrally separated from tag backscatter -- Guardbands prevent reader-on-tag collisions

21. 21 User RequirementsClass 0Class 16A/6BUnified Worldwide Compliance Multi Source Availability Rewriteable Nonvolatile Memory > 500 tags / second Dense-Reader Operation Industry Endorsement Security Availability Q3/04 X ? ? X X X XXX X X X X X XX Only the Unified Protocol Meets All User Requirements

22. 22 Supply Chain Management – Warehouse [Phillips]

23. 23 Legacy Corporate Systems Application Server Reader Unit MWVIS’ Products And Services

24. 24 An efficient, integrated approach to data collection and business intelligence [Adapted from Acsis®]

25. 25 Application areas Animal (herd) tracking Supply-Chain Management – retail and logistics Healthcare/Hospital Operations Process Control Hazardous material identification and management Cargo and port control Access control

26. 26 Research Focus at JMU Anti-collision System efficacy – authentication and security System calibration and analysis Electromagnetic compatibility & interferance System integration Tag/reader antenna tuning Tag performance characterization – read rates, read accuracy, etc.

27. 27 Major RFID Systems Tag defines an RFID system Active tags Semi-passive tags Passive tags

28. 28 Active RFID vs GPS vs Passive RFID System  Active RFIDGPS Passive RFID Advantages: Small tags Rapid locates (varies) - Zonal - High accuracy High capacity Centralized information Tags ($15-$100) Worldwide operation 3D locates High accuracy No infrastructure Tags ($100 - $500) Small tags Very low tag cost (~$1) - In volume Passive (no battery) Disadvantages: Power required on tag Requires infrastructure Power required on tag Signal acquisition time Blind spots Foliage, Buildings No transmit channel Short Read Range - Large numbers of readers Orientation Sensitive Zone only locations Best Suited for:High volume campus-wide security and/or asset management - Military Bases - Airports - Factories - Hospitals Long Range Tracking Surveying Integration with mobile communication systems Supply Chain Mgmt High Value Retail Zonal security Smart cards

29. 29 Active RFID ZONE Wired or wireless Signpost to Tag Range to 4 m Reader to Tag Range = 100 meters Savi Signpost Coverage circles NOT to scale + Longer read range than passive RFID + Tags can have large internal memories and can transmit data Savi Tags in the $20 to $125 range depending on capabilities and volume Savi Readers about $2,500 Savi Reader/ Interrogator w/ Antenna Host/Server Savi Tag Example: Savi

30. 30 Wired or wireless WherePort to Tag Range to 8 m Reader to Tag Range = 1000s of meters WhereNet WherePort Coverage circles NOT to scale + Much longer read range than other Active RFIDs…1000s of meters vs. 100 meters + WhereNet can provide precise locations for thousands of tags…RTLS + WhereNet Tags can transmit small amounts of data WhereNet OEM Tags $75 WhereNet Readers about $4,000 WhereNet RFID Sensors WhereNet Tag WhereNet Reader/Sensor w/ Antenna Host/Server Example: WhereNet

31. 31 Fixed Interrogator: Used in permanent or semi-permanent installation sites Perform tag collections and read/write operations Reading Range 300-600 ft. Radiated power levels of 20 to 100 microwatts 110/220 VAC, 6 VDC Interrogators may be networked using hard wire or wireless modems RF/ID Tag: 128,000 byte (character) capacity 433.92 MHz operating frequency Radiated power levels less than 20 microwatts Six (6) volt lithium battery with a 400 milliamp hour capacity Affixed to containers, major end items, etc. Provides “inside the box” visibility ITV Database Server: CONUS USAREUR KOREA User/STAMIS: Source Data for Tag generation Access to stored tag data, queries on shipment status, geographical depiction of tag/interrogator location and status TC ACCIS, TC-AIMS II, SAAS-MOD, SARSS BPS GTN JTAV LOGSA Communication: Real Time updates from STAMIS /Read stations via LAN, MODEM, or satellite. ACTIVE RFID TAG AND ARCHITECTURE For DoD