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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit II Common Diseases and Disorders of Body Systems
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy and Physiology Organs: –Thymus gland –Bone marrow –Lymph nodes –Spleen –Liver –Tonsils
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Anatomy and Physiology Types of immunity: –Active natural –Active artificial –Passive natural –Passive artificial
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Common Signs and Symptoms Vary Related to factors, such as the following: –Immunodeficient Lack of immunity –Autoimmune Immunity against self –Isoimmune Immunity against other humans
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Diagnostic Testing Skin tests Desensitization Blood count Coombs’ test Anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) Rheumatoid factor (RF)
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies –E.g., hay fever, asthma –Common reactions: Urticaria Contact dermatitis
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urticaria Photo courtesy Robert A. Silverman, MD, Pediatric Dermatology, Georgetown University
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Allergies –Symptoms: Elevated eosinophil count Redness, heat, swelling, and itching Runny nose, coughing, sneezing, wheezing, and nasal congestion
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Reaction to allergen in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract –Symptoms: Sneezing Watery eyes Runny nose Itching
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Causes of seasonal: Tree pollen Grasses Ragweed pollen Agricultural crops
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Causes of nonseasonal: Dust mites Pet dander Food allergies
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Hay fever –Treatment: Removal of allergen Air-conditioned environment –Or move to different climate Antihistamines Allergy desensitization
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma –Also known as bronchial asthma –Symptoms: Extreme shortness of breath Difficulty breathing Wheezing Anxiety Cough
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Asthma –Treatment: Avoidance of causative allergens Desensitization Education Medication –No cure But can be controlled
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Asthma Animation
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Severe allergic response to allergen –Causes: Antibiotics Anesthetics Codeine Insulin
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Causes: Vaccines Foods Pollens Latex
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –May be mild to life-threatening –Symptoms: Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Anaphylaxis –Treatment: Emergency tracheostomy Epinephrine Corticosteroids Antihistamines
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hypersensitivity Disorders Food allergies –E.g., chocolate, shellfish –Symptoms: Cramping Diarrhea Vomiting
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Contact Dermatitis Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction –E.g., poison ivy
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Contact Dermatitis Causes: –Cosmetics –Laundry products –Plants –Jewelry –Paint –Drugs
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever –Follows group A strep infection –Occurs one to four weeks after strep infection Sudden or gradual onset
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatic fever –Symptoms: Fever Malaise Joint pain –Prevention: Accurate diagnosis of strep infections
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis –Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues –RF antibody in blood indicative of disease –Classic sign: Ulnar deviation –Progressive disease
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Rheumatoid arthritis –Treatment: Anti-inflammatory medications Analgesics Exercise and rest routine Short-term corticosteroids Surgical joint replacement
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Slow onset
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Symptoms: Diplopia Ptosis Dysphagia Dysphonia Difficulty with facial expressions Fatigue
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Myasthenia gravis –Periods of remission and exacerbation –Treatment: Mestinon Plasma exchange
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Type 1 diabetes mellitus –Formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus –Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolism –Triggered by viral infections E.g., rubella, mumps, influenza
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Lupus erythematosus –Two types: Cutaneous –Discoid –Limited to skin Systemic –Diffuse –Affects multiple systems
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) –Chronic with remissions and exacerbations –Symptoms: Butterfly rash Joint pain Fever Weight loss
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) –Symptomatic treatment: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) Antipyretics Analgesics Corticosteroids
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma –Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues Including skin –Periods of remission and exacerbation –Symptoms: Joint contractures Raynaud’s phenomenon Thick, leather-like, shiny, taut skin
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Autoimmune Disorders Scleroderma –Treatment: No cure or treatment May use antibiotics, immunosuppressives, and anti-inflammatories May be beneficial to perform muscle stretching and strengthening exercises
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Blood transfusion reaction Type of tissue transplant Type O –Universal blood donor Type AB –Universal blood recipient
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Symptoms of transfusion: –Chills –Shivering –Fever
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s red blood cells (RBCs) Ultimately causing death –Usually no problem with first baby of Rh-negative mother and Rh-positive baby
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Condition only affects Rh-positive babies carried by Rh- negative mothers –Also known as hemolytic disease of the newborn
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Isoimmune Disorders Erythroblastosis fetalis –Treatment: Transfusion of baby’s blood at birth –RhoGAM Halted this condition Given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Organ Rejection Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection Acute rejection occurs early Chronic rejection occurs over long period
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease Congenital, genetic disorder or acquired
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Acquired types may be due to: –Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation –Medications given to organ transplant recipients –Immunodeficiency E.g., acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS –Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) –Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes –Stages: Acute infection Asymptomatic HIV Symptomatic HIV Advanced HIV
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Advanced HIV –T-cell count less than 50 per microliter –Anti-viral medications may slow HIV replication and disease progress E.g., azidothymidine (AZT)
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders Transmission of AIDS –Intimate contact and sharing of body fluids –Virus must enter bloodstream to cause infection –Misconceptions about transmission Cannot acquire from toilet seats, doorknobs, furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Immune Deficiency Disorders AIDS primarily spread three ways: –Sexual intercourse –Sharing of hypodermic needles –In utero from infected mother to unborn baby
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Rare Diseases Severe combined immunodeficiency disease –Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system
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Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Effects of Aging Degenerated thymus gland Changed function of antibodies
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