1. M EDICAL I MAGING By Anuja Kulkarni 1000722132

2. I NTRODUCTION Medical imaging as the name suggests is the technique and process used to create images of parts and functions of human body for clinical purposes. It is a medical procedure seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease. [1] There are two types of medical imaging, they are- Invisible light medical imaging- radiology /clinical imaging Visible light medical imaging- involves digital video or still pictures that can be seen without special equipment.

3. I MAGING T ECHNOLOGIES Radiology: [2] Two forms of radiographic images are in use in medical imaging; projection radiography and fluoroscopy. Figure 1: Digital Radiography

4. M AGNETIC R ESONANCE IMAGING AND FIDUCIARY MARKERS A magnetic resonance imaging instrument, uses powerful magnets to polarise and excite hydrogen nuclei in water molecules in human tissue, producing a detectable signal which is spatially encoded, resulting in images of the body. [3] Fiduciary Markers Fiduciary markers are used in a wide range of medical imaging applications. Images of the same subject produced with two different imaging systems may be correlated by placing a fiduciary marker in the area imaged by both systems. [4] Figure 3: Fiducial Marker Example Figure 2: fMRI scan

5. P HOTO - ACOUSTIC IMAGING AND TOMOGRAPHY Photo acoustic imaging is a recently developed hybrid biomedical imaging modality based on the photo acoustic effect. [5] Tomography is the method of imaging a single plane, or slice, of an object resulting in a tomogram. [5] Figure 4: Computed tomography of brain

6. C REATION OF THREE - DIMENSIONAL IMAGES Recently, techniques have been developed to enable CT, MRI and ultrasound scanning software to produce 3D images for the physician. [6] To produce 3D images, many scans are made, then combined by computers to produce a 3D model, which can then be manipulated by the physician. Other proposed or developed techniques include: Diffuse optical tomography Elastography Electrical impedance tomography Optoacoustic imaging Ophthalmology

7. C OMPRESSION OF MEDICAL IMAGES JPEG 2000 is the state-of-the-art image compression DICOM standard for storage and transmission of medical images. [7] Figure 5: Comparison of JPEG2000 with JPEG

8. C OMPRESSION OF MEDICAL IMAGES JPIP (JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol) is a compression streamlining protocol that works with JPEG 2000 to produce an image using the least bandwidth required. [8] JPIP has the capacity to download only the requested part of a picture, saving bandwidth, computer processing on both ends, and time. [9]

9. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF JPEG 2000

10. N ON - DIAGNOSTIC IMAGING (N EUROIMAGING ) Neuroimaging has also been used in experimental circumstances to allow people to control outside devices, acting as a brain computer interface. [10] Neuroimaging falls into two broad categories: Structural imaging Functional imaging which is used to diagnose Figure 7: 3D MRI section of the head[11]

11. P ROPOSED WORK This project introduces the concept of medical imaging and divulges into its technologies like MRI, tomography, ultrasound etc. I will also compare the compression techniques of medical imaging i.e. JPEG2000 and JPIP. It proposes to demonstrate creation of 3D images of CT/MRI scan from a normal 2D one. It also shows some circumstances of neuroimaging i.e non-diagnostic medical imaging as in Figure 6.

12. R EFERENCES 1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_imaging 2. Squire LF, Novelline RA (1997). Squire's fundamentals of radiology (5th ed.). Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-83339-2 ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:FMRI.jpg 3. M. Xu and L.H. Wang ; "Photoacoustic imaging in biomedicine". Review of Scientific Instruments 77 (4): 041101. doi:10.1063/1.2195024; 2006 4. Herman, G. T., Fundamentals of computerized tomography: Image reconstruction from projection, 2nd edition, Springer, 2009 5. Richard S. C. Cobbold, Foundations of Biomedical Ultrasound, pp. 422–423. 978-0-19- 516831-0 6. AYamani A, King Fahd Univ of Pet & Mine- A novel pulse-echo technique for medical three dimensional imaging- r, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, Dec 1997 7. Khademi A; Krishnan S, Dept of Elect and Comp Eng, Ryerson Univ, Toronto, Ont ;; Comparison of JPEG 2000 and other lossless compression schemes; Paper in Engineering in medicine and biology society,;2005 8. eeweb.poly.edu/~yao/EE3414/JPEG.pdf (figure 5) 9. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JPEG_JFIF_and_2000_Comparison.png (Figure 6) 10. Microsoft and NASA Bring Mars Down to Earth Through the WorldWide Telescope (07.12.10) - NASA 11. Filler, AG: The history, development, and impact of computed imaging in neurological diagnosis and neurosurgery: CT, MRI, DTI: Nature Precedings DOI: 10.1038/npre.2009.3267.5.Neurosurgical Focus (in press) 12. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging (Figure 7)/ Picture reference: sbharris on wikipedia