1. EFFECTIVE USE OF HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION Presentation to: INDIA ENERGY CONFERENCE New Delhi, India October, 2008 Frank Lynch Eden Hydrogen Littleton, Colorado, USA

2. Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe (~90%). http://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys240/lectures/elements/elements.html

3. The Earth is a water planet. 70% of Earth is covered by water. 2/3 of H 2 O is H 2. Energy must separate H 2 O to Make H 2. Photo courtesy of NASA

4. Hydrogen, like electricity, carries energy but neither is a source of energy.

5. Hydrogen Energy System Goal: Make Energy Use Part Of Earth’s Water Cycle

6. 1 million m 3 /day Martinez, California, USA Photo Courtesy of Air Products Most hydrogen is made by steam-methane reformers and used on-site to make fertilizers, methanol and other chemicals. Some of the largest reformers are used at oil refineries for processing petroleum. So-called “merchant hydrogen” is produced at one location and is transported to an end-user by truck, rail or barge. Most merchant hydrogen is liquefied at the plant and stored for filling -253ºC “cryo” tank trucks.

7. Reformers may be scaled down for onsite production of hydrogen. Photo courtesy of Hyradix

8. Liquid Hydrogen Tankers Distribute Most Merchant Hydrogen Photo Courtesy of Air Products 13,000 Gallons -253°C Inside

9. Space Shuttle Hydrogen & Oxygen Tanks Feed the Fuel Cells Photo Courtesy of Ball Aerospace

10. Photo courtesy of Eden Cryogenics Cryogenic storage “dewars”can be built at any scale. This 420-liter container was built for NASA by Eden Cryogenics. It is suitable for liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen or liquid hydrogen.

11. One stage to orbit: It’s only conceivable with hydrogen. Photo Courtesy of US Air Force

12. Hydrogen is special stuff! Simple displacement of petroleum with H 2 is not economically possible today. Hydrogen must deliver a premium value to justify its premium price. Fuel cells deliver premium value with zero emissions and high efficiency. Hythane delivers premium value with low emissions and high efficiency.

13. Hythane®* prototype 1990 Hythane is H 2 in natural gas. *Hythane is a Registered Trademark of Eden Hydrogen

14. Forms of “Leverage” (premium value) Emissions Leverage: emissions reductions exceed the H 2 energy in Hythane. Efficiency Leverage: efficiency increases exceed the H 2 energy in Hythane. Economic Leverage: Co-product streams have high value (e.g., Cl 2, C nanotubes).

15. Transmission electron microscope images of carbon nanotubes Structure of one type of nanotube H 2 and C nanotubes are co-products of a process under development by U. Queensland for Eden Hydrogen. CO 2 emissions are zero for this process. The high value of C nanotubes and C credits makes H 2 cost-competitive. Photos courtesy of U. Queensland and Wikipedia

16. The 787 “is an airframe comprising nearly half carbon fiber reinforced plastic and other composites…weight savings on average of 20 percent…” Photo and quote from Boeing website

17. This remains the long term goal. We must use H 2 wisely to get started now.