1. Nonrenewable Energy Sources
Environmental Science 302
2013

2. World and US energy sources
Clean energy job predictions in the US forecast, 2011

3. Evaluating Energy Resources
U.S. has 4.6% of world population; uses 24% of the world’s energy;
85% from nonrenewable fossil fuels (oil, coal, & natural gas);
8% from nuclear power;
7% from renewable sources (hydropower, geothermal, solar, biomass).

4. Energy resources removed from the earth’s crust include: oil, natural gas, coal, and uranium

5. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

6. How Fossil Fuels Are Formed

7. Problems with Fossil Fuels
Nonrenewable resources
At projected consumption rates, natural gas and petroleum will be depleted before the end of the 21st century
Pollution: Impurities in fossil fuels
Global Warming: Burning fossil fuels produce large amounts of CO2 7

8. COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0
COAL is cheaper, GAS is cleaner, OIL is the highest quality Coal: $0.85 per million Btu Natural Gas: $2.18 per million Btu Crude Oil: $2.97 per million Btu
Coal = depends on the quality ($10-62)

9. Net Energy (EROI)

10. 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy
Mostly Carbon (40-98%)
Water (0.2 – 1.25%)
Sulfur (0.2 – 2.5%)
Trace amounts of radioactive materials found in the earth.
Coal is so complex, many say it is impossible to draw a molecular structure of it. 10

11. Formation of Coal

12. The longer it’s been forming, the higher the grade
Carbon content increases
Burns hotter & cleaner!

13. PEAT LIGNITE BITUMINOUS ANTHRACITE 13
garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt 13

14. Describe your sample (2-5 words)
What sample do you have?
Describe your sample (2-5 words)

15. What type of coal? P, L, B, A
The major US deposits are located in eastern PA
The most common type of coal in terms of its occurrence around the United States
A brownish black organic material that is used to build up garden soil
Because of its wide availability around the country, this type of coal is most often burned at electric power generation plants A B P

16. Use the map to answer the following…
Eastern or Western?
Coal from this region is generally closer to the surface and is commonly strip-mined
Because of higher labor intensity, coal from this region is more expensive
Because of low annual rainfall, reclamation of mined land in this region is more difficult.
Western
Eastern

17. World Coal Deposits – top 3 countries?
US, China, former Soviet Union

18. Who uses it? China is the largest user: 76% of its E
Used to make 75% of the world’s steel
39% of world’s electricity
What about in US?
US – over 50% - burn bituminous coal
Only 23% of us energy….bigger than just electricity

19. Extracting Coal: Subsurface Mining
for coal buried 200-1,000 ft. deep
miners work in tunnels to get coal from underground
Most dangerous, most laborious
Subsidence and black lung
Tour a Coal Mine:

20. Extracting Coal: Surface Mining
for coal that is buried less than 200 feet deep
Strip Mining – remove surface
Open Pit Mining – near surface but dig down
Cheaper and safer
Higher % of coal recovered
Reclamation Reform Act
study, fill, replant
coal tax to restore old mines

21. What type of surface mining is this?

22. What type of surface mining is this?

23. extracted, transported, processed, washed, and transported
Net energy?
extracted, transported, processed, washed, and transported

24. Byproducts: Waste and water
Runoff: Mercury, ash
Sludge

25. Centralia, PA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkHfnp2czZQ
More than 500 fires burning in coal deposits and waste heaps in the US

26. Coal Cons Pros Dirtiest fuel, highest carbon dioxide
Major environmental degradation
Major threat to health
Pros
Most abundant fossil fuel
Major U.S. reserves
300 yrs. at current consumption rates
High net energy yield
© Brooks/Cole Publishing Company / ITP 26

27. Coal (solid)
Changing form is slightly better for pollution, but lessens net E
Coal gasification
® Synthetic natural gas (SNG)
Coal liquefaction ® Liquid fuels
Sequestration and climate change applications 27

28. CO2 Sequestration
How can we link carbon sequestration and tertiary oil recovery? SciFi! Can we ship our CO2 to another planet and make an atmosphere???

29. 1. Coal 2. Oil 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear Energy

30. garnero101.asu.edu/glg101/Lectures/L37.ppt 30

31. What is oil? Petroleum (crude oil) Most valuable natural resource (?)
complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities
Most valuable natural resource (?)
Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel, grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

32. What is petroleum used for?
Fuel – transportation (65%), generating electricity
Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

34. Fractional Distillation
From extraction, oil travels via pipeline to a refinery
Impurities are removed
Oil is heated, which separates the various liquids by various boiling points

35. 35

36. What one barrel of oil makes...

37. Oil Extraction Primary Oil Recovery Secondary Oil Recovery Drill well
Pump out oil that flows by gravity into well
Secondary Oil Recovery
Inject water into nearby water to force oil into well.

38. Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery

39. Recovery & Net Energy
In any oil field, only 1/3 of the heavy oil can actually be recovered by 1st or 2nd –ary methods
Tertiary recovery uses the energy of 1/3 of a barrel of oil for each barrel it produces
(<4min)

40. Who Has the Oil?
Reserves
North America
75.7
South and Central America
89.5
Western Europe
18.9
Former Soviet Countries
58.9
Middle East
673.6
Africa
75.4
Far East and Oceania
43.0
Total
1,033.2

42. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource.
Control 67% of world’s oil
Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

44. Oil in U.S. 2.3% of world reserves uses nearly 30% of world reserves;
65% for transportation;
increasing dependence on imports.
History
Discovered in 1859 in Titusville, Pennsylvania!
Used for medicine $40/barrel

45. Why isn’t it continuing to drop?
Fracking, oil shale, anwr, offshore

46. Future of Reserves Economically depleted
When 80% of a resource has been used
Cost to extract remaining supply is more expensive than its sale price.
Why change when you’ve found a good thing?
Government subsidizes price of oil
In turn...
Low oil prices = stimulated economic growth
discourages improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies

47. What a Barrel of Persian Gulf Oil Really Costs U.S. Consumers
$30 in initial costs
+ $61 for military support services
= $91 per barrel of oil
(Prentice Hall 2005)
Oil near $119 after report of Iranian boat firing
MSNBC April. 25, 2008
Currently around $90/barrel (2013)

48. Should we use oil? CONS PROS Low reserves High net energy yield
Artificially low price causes waste and discourages alternatives
Air pollution (smog, acid rain)
Global warming
Oil spills and water pollution
PROS
High net energy yield
Low cost (with subsidies)
Easily transported

50. Crude Oil Alternatives
Greener oil options?

51. Oil Shale (kerogen) & Tar Sand (bitumen)
Different forms of rock/sand that can be transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.

52. Oil Shales/Tar Sands Pros Cons Processing
Availability: Global supplies of shale oil may be 200x’s larger than conventional oil supplies
Cons
Processing
Uses ½ barrel of oil to process (heat)
Uses large amounts of water (in desert areas!)
Surface mining
Groundwater contamination (salts, carcinogens, & toxic metals)

53. Energy Consumption in the United States
Wood
Water (steam)
Coal
Natural gas
Oil
Nuclear power
3, 4, and 5 =
83.5% of U.S.
energy consumption

54. ANWR and offshore drilling
– Jay Leno
– Obama offshore drilling
– ANWR and offshore
(1:30)
- drilling in Alaska article

55. 1. Oil 2. Coal 3. Natural Gas 4. Nuclear

56. Natural Gas - Fossil Fuel
Mixture
50–90% Methane (CH4)
Ethane (C2H6)
Propane (C3H8)
Butane (C4H10)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

57. Where is it found?
Conventional natural gas = above most reservoirs of crude oil
Unconventional = deposits of gas hydrates (water + methane)
Global deposits estimated to contain 2X as much carbon as all other fossil fuels
Not yet economically feasible 57

58. billion cubic metres

59. Natural Gas Reserves Russia (25%)
Iran (15%), Qatar (14%), Saudi Arabia (4%), United Arab Emirates (4%)
United States (3%),

60. 90–95% of natural gas used in U. S
90–95% of natural gas used in U.S. is domestic 255,000 miles of pipeline
Interactive Map:

61. Natural Gas and the Marcellus Shale

62. Natural Gas Extraction
Tap gas field - Propane & butane are liquefied (liquefied petroleum gas - LPG)
Stored in pressurized tanks
Remaining gas (methane) is dried to remove water, cleansed to remove impurities,
Odor is added to detect leaks

63. Processing Pressurized & piped to homes.
Liquefied natural gas (LNG) can be shipped in refrigerated tanker ships
Lose ¼ of net energy when this is done

64. What is it used for? Fuel for transportation
Producing electricity and heat

65. Potential reserves may be great
Potential reserves may be great. Low cost and increasing environmental issues slow the push for more discovery.